{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:01:49Z","timestamp":1785416509733,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok, Poland","award":["B.SUB.26.560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.26.560"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok, Poland","award":["B.SUB.26.165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.26.165"]}]},{"award":["B.SUB.26.560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.26.560"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y4ya841","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["B.SUB.26.165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.26.165"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y4ya841","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Air pollution is associated with many adverse health consequences, including deteriorated kidney function. The aim of the research was to determine the association of medium-term exposure to air pollutants and hospitalizations due to acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods: The retrospective population-based study was conducted on the EP-PARTICLES cohort between 2011 and 2020 (80,000,000 person-years). We estimated municipality-specific associations between air pollution and AKI admissions using generalized additive models with Poisson regression. Results are reported as risk ratio in AKI admissions (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: During the 10-year study period, 47,467 AKI cases were reported (median age 77 years, IQR 68\u201384; 51.2% women). Mean concentrations of pollutants were 21.4 \u00b5g\/m3 (SD 5.2) for particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 \u03bcm or less (PM2.5), 7.5 \u00b5g\/m3 (1.8) for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and 1.8 ng\/m3 (0.8) for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). In mid-term exposure analyses (lag 0\u201330), each 10 \u00b5g\/m3 increase in PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and CO, and each 1 \u00b5g\/m3 increase in BaP, was associated with higher AKI risk, with the strongest effect observed for NO2 (RR 1.066, 95% CI 1.033\u20131.099). No association was found for SO2. Subgroup analyses showed consistent directions of association across sex and age groups, with NO2 remaining the most detrimental pollutant. Although statistical significance varied between pollutants, no significant effect modification by sex or age was observed (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Mid-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with an increased risk of AKI-related hospitalizations, with NO2 showing the strongest effects. These findings identify mid-term exposure as a relevant temporal window and support the role of air pollution as a modifiable risk factor for AKI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15134929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:14:12Z","timestamp":1782375252000},"page":"4929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mid-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Acute Kidney Injury Incidence: A 10-Year Study in Eastern Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Gryko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kurasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-8171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Ma\u0142yszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Dobrzycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4156-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Ku\u017ama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool L3 5AH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01637-X","article-title":"Burden of 375 Diseases and Injuries, Risk-Attributable Burden of 88 Risk Factors, and Healthy Life Expectancy in 204 Countries and Territories, Including 660 Subnational Locations, 1990\u20132023: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023","volume":"406","author":"Hay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2026, February 25). 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