{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:16:40Z","timestamp":1783347400709,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To determine whether contrast therapy improves recovery after climbing-specific forearm fatigue in amateur climbers. Methods: In a randomized repeated-measures trial, 40 climbers were allocated to passive recovery (n = 20) or Game Ready contrast therapy (n = 20). Both groups completed a fixed-task intermittent fingerboard protocol on a 20 mm edge using a half-crimp grip, with 7 s of work and 3 s of rest for five sets; the load was not individualized to climbing-specific maximal finger-flexor force. The intervention group received bilateral forearm treatment consisting of alternating 1 min cold (3 \u00b0C) and heat (45 \u00b0C) phases combined with pneumatic compression ranging from 15 to 75 mmHg. Sessions lasted 20 min and were administered immediately after post-fatigue testing, at 24 h and 48 h, and then three times weekly on alternate days for 8 weeks, for a total of 27 sessions. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, immediately after fatigue, at 24 h and 48 h, and after 8 weeks. Outcomes included perfusion, reactive hyperemia, stiffness, pressure pain threshold, grip strength, perceived recovery, creatine kinase, and interleukin-6. Results: Immediate post-fatigue responses were comparable. Contrast therapy produced greater 24 h and 48 h resting perfusion responses (+7.28 percentage points, 95% CI 6.58 to 7.98; +7.62, 95% CI 6.94 to 8.31; both adjusted p &lt; 0.001). At week 8, peak hyperemic perfusion improved more with contrast therapy (+6.21 PU, 95% CI 5.62 to 6.79; p &lt; 0.001). Recovery favored contrast therapy for stiffness at 48 h (\u221271.7 N\/m, 95% CI \u221275.6 to \u221267.8), pressure pain threshold at week 8 (+8.1 N\/cm2, 95% CI 7.3 to 8.8), and grip strength at 48 h (+7.8 kgf, 95% CI 7.3 to 8.3; all p &lt; 0.001). CK and IL-6 differences were transient, and no serious adverse events or intervention-related discontinuations were recorded. Conclusions: Contrast therapy was associated with more favorable cutaneous perfusion, post-occlusive reactive hyperemia-derived, and neuromechanical recovery outcomes, whereas biochemical differences were limited and time-dependent. The vascular findings do not establish improved endothelial function or nitric-oxide-mediated vasodilation because these mechanisms were not directly assessed. Trial registration: ISRCTN49499065 on 23 June 2025.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15134970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:49:23Z","timestamp":1782434963000},"page":"4970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Repeated Contrast Therapy on Forearm Microcirculatory and Neuromechanical Recovery After Climbing-Specific Fatigue in Amateur Climbers: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7535-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Hagner-Derengowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Research Center, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3006-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Kacprzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 Concept Medical Center, 90-349 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8710-9321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Michalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Team, Sports Research Centre, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Po\u0142aniecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Marketing, Koszalin University of Technology, 75-343 Koszalin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4543-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4960-320 Melga\u00e7o, Portugal"},{"name":"The Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4960-320 Melga\u00e7o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4276-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Trybulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Katowice Business University, 40-659 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Provita \u017bory Medical Center, 44-240 \u017bory, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2024.100974","article-title":"Sport Climbing Performance Determinants and Functional Testing Methods: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Faggian","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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