{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T07:45:50Z","timestamp":1782459950514,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The periorbital region represents one of the most challenging anatomical sites in aesthetic medicine due to its thin dermis, complex vascularity, and susceptibility to oedema and contour irregularities. While hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers remain the gold standard for volumetric correction, their limitations in skin quality enhancement and risk of complications such as Tyndall effect and malar oedema have driven interest in regenerative alternatives. Polynucleotides (PN), particularly polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRN), have emerged as bioactive agents capable of promoting dermal remodelling, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory responses. This review critically evaluates current evidence comparing PN and HA in periorbital rejuvenation, integrating mechanistic insights, clinical outcomes, and safety considerations. While HA remains superior for structural correction, PN demonstrates consistent improvements in dermal quality parameters, including elasticity, hydration, and fine rhytids, with a favourable safety profile. However, heterogeneity in study design, product formulation, and outcome measures limits the ability to draw definitive conclusions. Future research should prioritise standardised protocols, long-term follow-up, and direct comparative trials to establish optimal treatment algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15134971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:52:11Z","timestamp":1782453131000},"page":"4971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hyaluronic Acid Fillers Versus Polynucleotides for Under-Eye Rejuvenation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7421-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabia S.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICE Postgraduate Dental Institute and Hospital, 24 Furness Quay, Salford M50 3XZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashif","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Faculty Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9SP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.184049","article-title":"Periorbital Injectables: Understanding and Avoiding Complications","volume":"9","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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