{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:17:16Z","timestamp":1783005436653,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Psychological safety is increasingly recognized as a clinically relevant construct linked to emotional regulation, interpersonal functioning, and trauma-related processes. Emerging evidence suggests that psychological safety may depend not only on embodied experiences of bodily regulation but also on how individuals relate to themselves under conditions of distress. The present study investigated the role of self-compassion and body perception on psychological safety. Methods: A total of 332 community participants were administered the Neuroception of Psychological Safety Scale (NPSS), the Body Perception Questionnaire-22 (BPQ-22), the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Spearman\u2019s correlations, hierarchical multiple regression analyses, and mediation analyses were conducted using SPSS to examine the relationships among the study variables. Results: Psychological safety showed a moderate positive association with self-compassion and a weak negative association with body perception. Body perception was also negatively associated with self-compassion. In hierarchical regression models, self-compassion emerged as the strongest predictor of psychological safety, whereas the predictive effect of body perception became non-significant after self-compassion entered the model. Mediation analyses further demonstrated that self-compassion fully mediated the association between body perception and psychological safety. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the relationship between bodily experience and psychological safety may primarily depend on individuals\u2019 capacity to respond to internal experiences with compassion directed towards oneself. Self-compassion may therefore represent a clinically relevant target for interventions aimed at enhancing psychological safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15135177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T14:43:14Z","timestamp":1783003394000},"page":"5177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Self-Compassion and Body Perception in Predicting Psychological Safety"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7163-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Poli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, Mercatorum University, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Miccoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, Mercatorum University, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"The Functions of Safety in Psychotherapy: An Integrative Theoretical Perspective across Therapeutic Schools","volume":"20","author":"Podolan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"403","article-title":"The Role of Safety in Change-Promoting Therapeutic Relationships: An Integrative Relational Approach","volume":"21","author":"Podolan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1086","article-title":"A Concept Analysis of Psychological Safety: Further Understanding for Application to Health Care","volume":"9","author":"Ito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs. Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-021-00439-1","article-title":"Enhancing Psychological Safety in Mental Health Services","volume":"15","author":"Hunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"521","article-title":"Psychological Safety: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"27","author":"Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cogan, N., Smith, M., and Deakin, K. (2026). Psychological Safety as a Predictor of Acute Stress, Well-Being and Burnout in Health and Social Care Workers: A Predictive Correlational Study. Behav. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs16030418"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roche, H., Morton, L., and Cogan, N. (2025). Barriers and Facilitators to Psychological Safety During Medical Procedures Among Individuals Diagnosed with Chronic Illness in Childhood. Healthcare, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202503.0513.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynch, J.M., Stange, K.C., Dowrick, C., Getz, L., Meredith, P.J., Van Driel, M.L., Harris, M.G., Tillack, K., and Tapp, C. (2025). The Sense of Safety Theoretical Framework: A Trauma-Informed and Healing-Oriented Approach for Whole Person Care. Front. Psychol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1441493"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e198","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2025.10072","article-title":"Safe and Soothed: Randomised Clinical Pilot Study on the Subjective and Psychophysiological Impact of a New Physiotherapeutic Intervention in Patients with Dissociative Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Stief","year":"2025","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055102920933072","DOI":"10.1177\/2055102920933072","article-title":"Best Practices for Stress Measurement: How to Measure Psychological Stress in Health Research","volume":"7","author":"Crosswell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porges, S.W. (2022). Polyvagal Theory: A Science of Safety. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2022.871227"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"169","article-title":"Polyvagal Theory: Current Status, Clinical Applications, and Future Directions","volume":"22","author":"Porges","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"19","article-title":"Neuroception: A Subconscious System for Detecting Threats and Safety","volume":"24","author":"Porges","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zero Three"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpnec.2021.100069","article-title":"Polyvagal Theory: A Biobehavioral Journey to Sociality","volume":"7","author":"Porges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20871","article-title":"Cardiac Vagal Tone: A Neurophysiological Mechanism That Evolved in Mammals to Dampen Threat Reactions and Promote Sociality","volume":"20","author":"Porges","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-011123-024815","article-title":"Pursuing Safety in Social Connection: A Flexibly Fluid Perspective on Risk Regulation in Relationships","volume":"75","author":"Murray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dialog.2023.100153","article-title":"Patient Engagement with Psychological Safety","volume":"3","author":"Fukami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dialogues Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mog\u00e5rd, E.V., R\u00f8rstad, O.B., and Bang, H. (2022). The Relationship between Psychological Safety and Management Team Effectiveness: The Mediating Role of Behavioral Integration. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010406"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montgomery, A., Chalili, V., Lainidi, O., Mouratidis, C., Maliousis, I., Paitaridou, K., and Leary, A. (2025). Psychological Safety and Patient Safety: A Systematic and Narrative Review. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322215"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21224","article-title":"Social Connection as a Critical Factor for Mental and Physical Health: Evidence, Trends, Challenges, and Future Implications","volume":"23","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001313","article-title":"A New Measure of Feeling Safe: Developing Psychometric Properties of the Neuroception of Psychological Safety Scale (NPSS)","volume":"16","author":"Morton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma: Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27625","article-title":"Validation of the Italian Version of the Neuroception of Psychological Safety Scale (NPSS)","volume":"10","author":"Poli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032","article-title":"Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself","volume":"2","author":"Neff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309027","article-title":"The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion","volume":"2","author":"Neff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wouters-Soomers, L., Van Ruysseveldt, J., Bos, A.E.R., and Jacobs, N. (2022). An Individual Perspective on Psychological Safety: The Role of Basic Need Satisfaction and Self-Compassion. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.920908"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2020.08.001","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Self-Compassion-Related Interventions for Individuals With Chronic Physical Health Conditions","volume":"52","author":"Hudson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S359382","article-title":"The Benefits of Self-Compassion in Mental Health Professionals: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research","volume":"15","author":"Crego","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poli, A., and Miccoli, M. (2023). Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Unconditional Self-Kindness Scale (USKS). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20105839"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spurrier, G.F., Shulman, K., Dibich, S., Benoit, L., Duckworth, K., and Martin, A. (2023). Physical Symptoms as Psychiatric Manifestations in Medical Spaces: A Qualitative Study. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1074424"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laricchiuta, D., Garofalo, C., and Mazzeschi, C. (2023). Trauma-Related Disorders and the Bodily Self: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1166127"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102125","article-title":"Autonomic Nervous System Correlates of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Youth: Meta-Analysis and Qualitative Review","volume":"92","author":"Siciliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenger, M., Dalkner, N., Schwalsberger, K., Hagendorfer, B., Sch\u00f6nthaler, E., Rieger, A., Maget, A., Fellendorf, F., Hamm, C., and Gramer, M. (2022). Examining the Autonomic Nervous System in the Relationship among Heart Rate Variability, Stress Coping, and Cognitive Ability in Individuals with Psychiatric Disorders. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123277"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnevali, L., Koenig, J., Sgoifo, A., and Ottaviani, C. (2018). Autonomic and Brain Morphological Predictors of Stress Resilience. Front. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00228"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000849","article-title":"Autonomic Complexity Dynamically Indexes Affect Regulation in Everyday Life","volume":"132","author":"Stange","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poli, A., Maremmani, A.G.I., Chiorri, C., Mazzoni, G.-P., Orr\u00f9, G., Kolacz, J., Porges, S.W., Conversano, C., Gemignani, A., and Miccoli, M. (2021). Item Reduction, Psychometric and Biometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Body Perception Questionnaire\u2014Short Form (BPQ-SF): The BPQ-22. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073835"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1596","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1596","article-title":"Assessing Body Awareness and Autonomic Reactivity: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Body Perception Questionnaire-Short Form (BPQ-SF)","volume":"27","author":"Cabrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70234","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70234","article-title":"Researching Body Perception: Toward an Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Interdisciplinary Approaches to Address the Multiplicity of Bodily Experiences","volume":"63","author":"Longo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12237","article-title":"Intolerable Feelings of Uncertainty within the Body: Associations between Interoceptive Awareness, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Body Dissatisfaction","volume":"95","author":"Bijsterbosch","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, P., Morton, L., and Cogan, N. (2026). Feeling Unsafe in One\u2019s Own Body: The Impact of Illness on Psychological Safety and Social Engagement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23020148"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merino, M., Tornero-Aguilera, J.F., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C.V., Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J. (2024). Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12141396"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojtyna, E., Hyla, M., and Hachu\u0142a, A. (2024). Pain of Threatened Self: Explicit and Implicit Self-Esteem, Cortisol Responses to a Social Threat and Pain Perception. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092705"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/HMR.0000000000000338","article-title":"How Psychological Safety and Feeling Heard Relate to Burnout and Adaptation amid Uncertainty","volume":"47","author":"Kerrissey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Care Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.092","article-title":"Losing Trust in Body Sensations: Interoceptive Awareness and Depression Symptom Severity among Primary Care Patients","volume":"282","author":"Dunne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01111-1","article-title":"The Role of Self-Care and Self-Compassion in Networks of Resilience and Stress among Healthcare Professionals","volume":"15","author":"Pank","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2021.1898651","article-title":"Wellbeing, Burnout, and Safe Practice among Healthcare Professionals: Predictive Influences of Mindfulness, Values, and Self-Compassion","volume":"27","author":"Prudenzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psycom.2025.100209","article-title":"Factor Structure and Validation of the Italian Version of the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF)","volume":"5","author":"Poli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01532","article-title":"Modulation of Body Representation Impacts on Efferent Autonomic Activity","volume":"32","author":"Mioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, Y., Terasawa, Y., and Umeda, S. (2021). Effects of Interoceptive Accuracy in Autonomic Responses to External Stimuli Based on Cardiac Rhythm. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256914"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conversano, C., Ciacchini, R., Orr\u00f9, G., Di Giuseppe, M., Gemignani, A., and Poli, A. (2020). Mindfulness, Compassion, and Self-Compassion Among Health Care Professionals: What\u2019s New? A Systematic Review. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01683"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Hayes, A.F., and Little, T.D. (2022). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, The Guilford Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1017\/SJP.2021.46","article-title":"Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: Concepts, Computations, and Some Common Confusions","volume":"24","author":"Igartua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.01.004","article-title":"The Relevance of Analogue Studies for Understanding Obsessions and Compulsions","volume":"34","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Porges, S.W. (1993). Body Perception Questionnaire, Laboratory of Developmental Assessment, University of Maryland."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.702","article-title":"Construction and Factorial Validation of a Short Form of the Self-Compassion Scale","volume":"18","author":"Raes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the 42-Item and 21-Item Versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in Clinical Groups and a Community Sample","volume":"10","author":"Antony","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011095624717","article-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scales in Depressed and Anxious Patients","volume":"23","author":"Clara","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovibond, S.H., and Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, Psychology Foundation.","DOI":"10.1037\/t01004-000"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.04.005","article-title":"The Italian Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties on Community and Clinical Samples","volume":"60","author":"Bottesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0485-8","article-title":"Multiple-Group Analysis Approach to Testing Group Difference in Indirect Effects","volume":"47","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, E., and Cheong, J. (2017). Comparing Indirect Effects in Different Groups in Single-Group and Multi-Group Structural Equation Models. Front. Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00747"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_2","article-title":"In Search of Golden Rules: Comment on Hypothesis-Testing Approaches to Setting Cutoff Values for Fit Indexes and Dangers in Overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler\u2019s (1999) Findings","volume":"11","author":"Marsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Menard, S. (1995). Applied Logistic Regression Analysis\u2014Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, SAGE Publications."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics, Pearson."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, E., Fukuda, R., Takahashi, T., and Katsuragawa, T. (2025). Self-Compassion, Well-Being, and Body Image Concern in Young Japanese Women: The Role of Positive and Negative Facets of Self-Compassion. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0334753"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70145","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.70145","article-title":"Self-Soothing Touch Reduces Momentary Stress, Fatigue, and Loneliness Comparable to Brief Meditation: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"42","author":"Maier","year":"2026","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpnec.2021.100091","article-title":"Self-Soothing Touch and Being Hugged Reduce Cortisol Responses to Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Stress, Physical Touch, and Social Identity","volume":"8","author":"Dreisoerner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Psychoneuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haynes, A.C., Lywood, A., Crowe, E.M., Fielding, J.L., Rossiter, J.M., and Kent, C. (2022). A Calming Hug: Design and Validation of a Tactile Aid to Ease Anxiety. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259838"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poli, A., Gemignani, A., and Miccoli, M. (2022). Randomized Trial on the Effects of a Group EMDR Intervention on Narrative Complexity and Specificity of Autobiographical Memories: A Path Analytic and Supervised Machine-Learning Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137684"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.002147","article-title":"Embodying Self-Compassion within Virtual Reality and Its Effects on Patients with Depression","volume":"2","author":"Falconer","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troncoso, A., Zepeda, A., Soto, V., Riquelme, E., Fuentealba, S., Andreu, C., Cebolla, A., and Mart\u00ednez-Pern\u00eda, D. (2025). From Disconnection to Compassion: A Phenomenological Exploration of Embodied Empathy in a Face-to-Face Interaction. Front. Psychol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1522701"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2024.2307466","article-title":"To Avoid or Not to Avoid: Impact of Self-Compassion on Safety Behaviors in Social Situations","volume":"37","author":"Szczyglowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941241227525","article-title":"Self-Compassion, Anxiety and Depression Symptoms; the Mediation of Shame and Guilt","volume":"129","author":"Dehshiri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montero-Marin, J., Kuyken, W., Crane, C., Gu, J., Baer, R., Al-Awamleh, A.A., Akutsu, S., Araya-V\u00e9liz, C., Ghorbani, N., and Chen, Z.J. (2018). Self-Compassion and Cultural Values: A Cross-Cultural Study of Self-Compassion Using a Multitrait-Multimethod (MTMM) Analytical Procedure. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02638"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2021.1993229","article-title":"Development and Validation of the Body Compassion Questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Beadle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shooroki, M.K., Choobforoushzadeh, A., and Ardakan, A.M. (2025). The Mediating Role of Self-Compassion in the Relationship between Childhood Trauma and the Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. BMC Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03204-y"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholson, W.C., Sapp, M., Karas, E.M., Duva, I.M., and Grabbe, L. (2025). The Body Can Balance the Score: Using a Somatic Self-Care Intervention to Support Well-Being and Promote Healing. Healthcare, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13111258"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S402455","article-title":"Self-Esteem and Self-Compassion: A Narrative Review and Meta-Analysis on Their Links to Psychological Problems and Well-Being","volume":"16","author":"Muris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alipour Ataabadi, Y., Cormier, D.L., Kowalski, K.C., Oates, A.R., Ferguson, L.J., and Lanovaz, J.L. (2022). The Associations Among Self-Compassion, Self-Esteem, Self-Criticism, and Concern Over Mistakes in Response to Biomechanical Feedback in Athletes. Front. Sports Act. Living, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.868576"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x","article-title":"Self-Compassion Versus Global Self-Esteem: Two Different Ways of Relating to Oneself","volume":"77","author":"Neff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2724","article-title":"Comparing Self-compassion versus Body Exposure for Adult Women with Moderate to Severe Body Dissatisfaction: A Feasibility and Pilot Trial","volume":"29","author":"Turk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychoth."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91819-x","article-title":"The Protective Role of Self Compassion in Trauma Recovery and Its Moderating Impact on Post Traumatic Symptoms and Post Traumatic Growth","volume":"15","author":"Adonis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-021-01732-3","article-title":"Investigating the Influence of Self-Compassion-Focused Interventions on Posttraumatic Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21995","article-title":"Self-Compassion as a Prospective Predictor of PTSD Symptom Severity Among Trauma-Exposed U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans","volume":"28","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14604","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14604","article-title":"Publication Guidelines for Human Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Studies in Psychophysiology\u2014Part 1: Physiological Underpinnings and Foundations of Measurement","volume":"61","author":"Quigley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laborde, S., Mosley, E., and Thayer, J.F. (2017). Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research\u2014Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting. Front. Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/13\/5177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T14:52:10Z","timestamp":1783003930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/13\/5177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15135177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15135177","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}}}