{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:15:00Z","timestamp":1790802900665,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Intra-articular injections are used for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) resistant to conservative treatment. However, many reviews assess injectable agents combined with arthrocentesis or other co-interventions, limiting interpretation of their standalone effects. This overview aimed to summarize meta-analytic evidence on standalone intra-articular injections for temporomandibular joint disorders. Methods: MEDLINE, BASE, and Europe PMC were searched on 29 March 2026. Systematic reviews with quantitative meta-analyses evaluating standalone intra-articular TMJ injections were included. Data regarding injectable substances, clinical indications, and outcome domains were extracted and synthesized descriptively. Results: Three systematic reviews with meta-analyses were included. The evidence addressed platelet-rich plasma, corticosteroids, sodium hyaluronate, and physiological saline. Reported indications included degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis, internal derangement, and arthritis. All included agents were reported to be associated with pain reduction. Conclusions: Meta-analytic evidence on standalone intra-articular injections for TMDs remains limited and heterogeneous. Available data suggest potential benefits, mainly for pain reduction, but do not establish clear superiority of any agent. The potential therapeutic activity of physiological saline should be considered when designing future injection trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15135208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:34:11Z","timestamp":1783071251000},"page":"5208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Standalone Intra-Articular Injections for Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: Overview of Meta-Analytic Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5580-8941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Macek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6199-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wo\u0142oska 137, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8992-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Grzybowska-Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U\u015bmiech Family Dental Clinic, Nastrojowa 26, 91-496 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6747-1336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Kosi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4345-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Hoppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9131-3817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Kasprzycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miodowa Clinic, G\u0142owaccy Medical and Dental Practice Professional Partnership, Kiekrz, Miodowa 2, 62-090 Rokietnica, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4320-3091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliwia","family":"Jagie\u0142\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gabinety Lekarskie Dent-im M.B. Pawelczyk Sp\u00f3\u0142ka Jawna, R\u00f3\u017cana 13\/1, 61-577 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8083-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Horodniczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ortho.pl Dental Office, Buforowa 34, 52-131 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2009-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Baniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatologia Centrum, Moniuszki 3\/7, 32-020 Wieliczka, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1276-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabella","family":"Chy\u017cy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wo\u0142oska 137, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5113-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wo\u0142oska 137, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3348-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wo\u0142oska 137, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC\/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: Recommendations of the International RDC\/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group\u2020","volume":"28","author":"Schiffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral. Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79S\u221286S","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514565793","article-title":"Temporomandibular Joint Disorders\u2019 Impact on Pain, Function, and Disability","volume":"94","author":"Chantaracherd","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e076226","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076226","article-title":"Management of Chronic Pain Secondary to Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials","volume":"383","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e076227","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076227","article-title":"Management of Chronic Pain Associated with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"383","author":"Busse","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2021.08.001","article-title":"Pharmacologic Treatment for Temporomandibular and Temporomandibular Joint Disorders","volume":"34","author":"Andre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubecka, K., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, K., Bli\u017aniak, F., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Turosz, N., R\u0105palska, I., Michcik, A., Chlubek, D., and Sikora, M. (2024). Update on Evidence and Directions in Temporomandibular Joint Injection Techniques: A Rapid Review of Primary Research. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144022"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"12","article-title":"Effect of Intraarticular Drug Injection in Patients with Temporomandibular Joint Disorders with Limited Mouth Opening: A System Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"85","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006098","article-title":"Comparison of Different Intraarticular Injection Substances Followed by Temporomandibular Joint Arthroscopy","volume":"31","author":"Sakalys","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2026, May 18). Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/about\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2026, May 18). BASE\u2014Bielefeld Academic Search Engine|What Is BASE?. Available online: https:\/\/www.base-search.net\/about\/en\/index.php."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2026, May 18). About\u2014Europe PMC. Available online: https:\/\/europepmc.org\/About."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A Web and Mobile App for Systematic Reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"e1230","article-title":"PRISMA2020: An R Package and Shiny App for Producing PRISMA 2020-compliant Flow Diagrams, with Interactivity for Optimised Digital Transparency and Open Synthesis","volume":"18","author":"Haddaway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Campbell Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., Lockwood, C., Porritt, K., Pilla, B., and Jordan, Z. (2024). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2025.2521563","article-title":"Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Platelet-Rich Plasma without Arthrocentesis in Temporomandibular Joint Degenerative Disease Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Wielandt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1783","article-title":"Effectiveness of Intra-Articular Injections of Sodium Hyaluronate or Corticosteroids for Intracapsular Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Moldez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, K., Cholewa-Kowalska, K., Roma\u0144czyk, K., Chlubek, D., and Sikora, M. (2024). Intra-Articular Physiological Saline in Temporomandibular Disorders May Be a Treatment, Not a Placebo: A Hypothesis, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216613"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-023-03465-1","article-title":"Adverse Events Associated with Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injection for Non-Surgical Facial Aesthetics: A Systematic Review of High Level of Evidence Studies","volume":"48","author":"Kyriazidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16760","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16760","article-title":"The Effect of Local Hyaluronic Acid Injection on Skin Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, X., Yan, L., Feng, Y., Li, X., Zhang, K., Lv, Z., Xu, C., Zhao, S., Liu, F., and Yang, X. (2023). Efficacy and Safety of Corticosteroids, Hyaluronic Acid, and PRP and Combination Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06925-6"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2025.06.033","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma Is More Effective Than Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Meta-Analysis Based on Randomized, Double-Blinded, Controlled Clinical Trials","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524091","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2524091","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection vs. Ultrasound-Guided Hyaluronic Acid Injection in the Rehabilitation of Hip Osteoarthritis: An Observational Study","volume":"57","author":"Bian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, M.G., Da Rosa, W.L.D.O., Sbardelotto, C., De Ara\u00fajo, J.S.G., Da Silva Rodrigues, C., and Boscato, N. (Oral Dis., 2026). Efficacy and Safety of Intra-Articular Therapies for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Oral Dis., early view.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.70284"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahgat, M.M., and Aly, N.M. (2025). Is Injectable Platelet Rich Fibrin Beneficial in Managing Intracapsular Temporomandibular Disorders? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Oral Health, 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07331-1"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"919","article-title":"Transforming TMJ Pain Relief: Hyaluronic Acid\u2019s Efficacy in Focus\u2014A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"62","author":"Minervini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saramantos, A., Kyrgidis, A., Venetis, G., Hatziantoniou, G., Chrysostomidis, A., Sardeli, C., and Tilaveridis, I. (2025). Clinical Efficacy of Prolotherapy for Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin. Pract., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract15030051"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf042","article-title":"Effectiveness of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Treating Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"26","author":"Tsai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, F., Zhang, J., Wu, I., Xu, Y., Yu, T., Kang, J., and Wu, F. (2025). Does Intra-Articular Injection of PRP Help Patients with Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis after Joint Puncture? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. BMC Oral Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05826-5"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Lubecka, K., Bli\u017aniak, F., Chlubek, D., and Sikora, M. (2024). Hyaluronic Acid\/Platelet-Rich Plasma Mixture Improves Temporomandibular Joint Biomechanics: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179401"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubecka, K., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, K., Bli\u017aniak, F., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Turosz, N., Michcik, A., Chlubek, D., and Sikora, M. (2023). Intra-Articular Local Anesthetics in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010106"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, Y., Gong, C., Peng, X., Liu, X., Su, X., Tao, X., Li, Y., Wen, Y., and Li, W. (2023). Efficacy and Safety of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1204144"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-023-00369-y","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Hyaluronic Acid, Platelet-Rich Plasma, and Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Treating Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, K., Turosz, N., Kami\u0144ska, M., Nowak, Z., Sikora, M., and Chlubek, D. (2022). Autologous Stem Cells Transplants in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joints Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172709"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Sikora, M., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, K., Nowak, Z., and Chlubek, D. (2022). The Administration of Hyaluronic Acid into the Temporomandibular Joints\u2019 Cavities Increases the Mandible\u2019s Mobility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071901"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2022.101720","article-title":"Effectiveness of intra-articular injections of sodium hyaluronate, corticosteroids, platelet-rich plasma on temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"174","article-title":"Platelet Concentrate Treatments for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Hijazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JDR Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94119-2","article-title":"Efficacy of Hypertonic Dextrose Injection (Prolotherapy) in Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Sit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Zhao, K., Ye, G., Yao, X., Yu, M., and Ouyang, H. (2021). No Effects of Intra-Articular Injections of Sodium Hyaluronate, Corticosteroids, Platelet-Rich Plasma on Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-942052\/v1"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2470","article-title":"Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections on Pain Reduction in Patients with Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthrosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral. Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12698","article-title":"The Efficacy of Dextrose Prolotherapy over Placebo for Temporomandibular Joint Hypermobility: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Nagori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"488","article-title":"Hyaluronate Sodium Treatment for Internal Derangement of Temporomandibular Joint: A Systematic Review Based on Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"West China J. Stomatol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/13\/5208\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:29:42Z","timestamp":1783078182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/13\/5208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15135208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15135208","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}}}