{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:59:25Z","timestamp":1791518365408,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["MEiN\/2023\/DPI\/3574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MEiN\/2023\/DPI\/3574"]}]},{"award":["MEiN\/2023\/DPI\/3574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MEiN\/2023\/DPI\/3574"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a global health issue, affecting up to 14% of the population worldwide. Between 1990 and 2021, the number of patients grew from 351 million to almost 674 million, with projections warning that CKD may rank as the fifth leading cause of death globally by 2040. Clinically, CKD stems from a complex mix of etiologies, including lifestyle-driven civilization diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, or obesity, immune-mediated glomerulonephritides (such as IgA, membranous nephropathy or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis), genetic (such as autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease) and tubulointerstitial diseases, or causes of undetermined etiology. Time to diagnosis and the diagnosis of CKD before end-stage organ failure are crucial; therefore, new methods are actively being developed for early detection of kidney disease. Physicians emphasize the need to evaluate markers of kidney dysfunction faster and more accurately. Modern nephrology relies on multi-omics profiling, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Applying these technologies to identify molecular drivers of the disease can yield specific signatures that help clinicians stratify patients and decide on a treatment and follow-up plan. Our review addresses a fundamental transformation reshaping nephrology: the transition from a traditional to precision medicine approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15135213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:39:11Z","timestamp":1783078751000},"page":"5213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-Modal, Machine Learning-Driven Framework Integrating Multi-Omics for Personalized Chronic Kidney Disease Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2563-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Rutka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplantology, Immunology, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1473-5960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Danieluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplantology, Immunology, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0564-0819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Wiewi\u00f3rska-Krata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6613-7638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Mucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplantology, Immunology, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global Incidence, Prevalence, Years Lived with Disability (YLDs), Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs), and Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) for 371 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories and 811 Subnational Locations, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Ferrari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101193","article-title":"Prevalence and Trends of Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Risk Factors among US Adults: An Analysis of NHANES 2003-18","volume":"20","author":"Kibria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. 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