{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:53:56Z","timestamp":1785412436983,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Research Programme of the Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital","award":["ynnkoyb202408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynnkoyb202408"]}]},{"award":["ynnkoyb202408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynnkoyb202408"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049zrh188","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hospital-Level Research Project of the Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital","award":["ynhg202430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynhg202430"]}]},{"award":["ynhg202430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ynhg202430"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049zrh188","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (NHB) affects approximately 60% of term infants and is a recognised cause of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND); however, its subclinical neurodevelopmental sequelae have not been well characterised at the level of specific developmental domains. Objectives: We aimed to use the Griffiths Developmental Scales\u2013Chinese Edition (GDS-C) to characterise the domain-specific neurodevelopmental profile of term infants with NHB and to identify clinical risk factors for adverse outcomes. Methods: We conducted a single-centre, retrospective cohort study of 123 term newborns delivered between September 2019 and August 2023 at a tertiary hospital in Shanghai, China; 77 had NHB and 46 were healthy controls. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using the GDS-C at a median age of 46.9 months (interquartile range [IQR], 36.4\u201359.7) by a single certified examiner who was blinded to bilirubin status. A developmental quotient (DQ) below 85 (&gt;1 SD below the standardised mean of 100) or at or below the 10th percentile was classified as below cutoff; otherwise, performance was classified as within the normal range. To account for testing across six domains, a Bonferroni-adjusted significance threshold of p &lt; 0.0083 was applied. Results: Compared to the control group, the jaundice group had higher proportions of below-cutoff performance in the Locomotor (26.0% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.045), Personal\u2013Social (28.6% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.022), Eye and Hand Coordination (29.9% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.015) and Performance (35.1% vs. 15.2%; p = 0.018) domains. Among infants with severe hyperbilirubinaemia (total serum bilirubin (TSB) \u2265 342 \u03bcmol\/L; n = 19), the proportions of below-cutoff performance in the Locomotor (47.4% vs. 19.0%; p = 0.032), Personal\u2013Social (57.9% vs. 19.0%; p = 0.003) and Performance (57.9% vs. 27.6%; p = 0.034) domains exceeded those in the non-severe subgroup. Jaundice lasting \u2265 14 days was associated with poorer personal\u2013social outcomes (p = 0.007). In multivariable logistic regression, both a peak TSB \u2265 342 \u03bcmol\/L (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64\u201319.02; p = 0.006) and a jaundice duration \u2265 14 days (aOR, 5.68; 95% CI, 1.61\u201320.04; p = 0.007) were independently associated with below-cutoff personal\u2013social performance. Conclusions: Among term infants, NHB was associated with an increased risk of below-cutoff performance across several GDS-C domains, particularly those reflecting gross motor, personal\u2013social and visual-spatial functions. Severe hyperbilirubinaemia and prolonged jaundice were independent risk factors. The GDS-C may serve as a sensitive, domain-specific instrument for the early identification of infants at risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15135225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T14:33:06Z","timestamp":1783089186000},"page":"5225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Term Infants with Neonatal Hyperbilirubinaemia in China: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the Griffiths Developmental Scales"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2246-0070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanan","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangli","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-8466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sainan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3329-2700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20240407-02","article-title":"Management of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia: Shedding light on the American Academy of Pediatrics 2022 clinical practice guideline revision","volume":"53","author":"Daggle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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