{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:16:07Z","timestamp":1783437367851,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study evaluated the potential effects of different COVID-19 vaccine platforms (mRNA and inactivated) on acute coronary syndrome (ACS) through Galectin-3, a biomarker of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. It aimed to compare serum Galectin-3 levels among NSTEMI patients according to COVID-19 vaccination status and vaccine type. Methods: A total of 75 patients with NSTEMI were prospectively enrolled and categorized into three groups: inactivated vaccine recipients (n = 25), mRNA vaccine recipients (n = 25), and unvaccinated controls (n = 25). Serum Galectin-3 levels were measured to assess chronic inflammatory status. Additionally, markers of acute myocardial injury and inflammatory response were analyzed. Results: Galectin-3 levels were similar across the inactivated vaccine, mRNA vaccine, and unvaccinated NSTEMI group, with no statistically significant difference observed (p = 0.481). Although troponin I levels and acute inflammatory cell burden were higher in vaccinated patients compared with the unvaccinated NSTEMI group, Galectin-3 levels remained comparable among all groups. No significant differences in Galectin-3 levels were observed according to vaccination status or vaccine type. Conclusions: In this exploratory cohort of NSTEMI patients, serum Galectin-3 levels did not differ significantly according to COVID-19 vaccination status or vaccine type. These findings suggest no detectable association between vaccination history and Galectin-3 levels in the study population. Larger prospective studies with longitudinal follow-up are needed to confirm these observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15135312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:00:32Z","timestamp":1783436432000},"page":"5312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of COVID-19 Vaccines on Chronic Inflammatory Remodeling in NSTEMI Patients: A Galectin-3-Based Single-Center Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8451-7397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adem","family":"Koksal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu 52200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7767-2177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesut","family":"Tomakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Turhal State Hospital, Tokat 60300, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2037-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Seyfettin","family":"Sariba\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu 52200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9016-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatih","family":"Akkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu 52200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0906-0002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatmanur Cavdaroglu","family":"Ustabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu 52200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3973-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Caltekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu 52200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diler Us","family":"Altay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu 52200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tevfik","family":"Noyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu 52200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Aygun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu 52200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537878","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"111","author":"Libby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa623","article-title":"COVID-19 Is, in the End, an Endothelial Disease","volume":"41","author":"Libby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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