{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:14:01Z","timestamp":1783574041042,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: In recent years, electronic cigarettes, including disposable e-cigarettes and tobacco heating devices, have grown in popularity, especially among young people and young adults. Although e-cigarettes are touted as a \u201csafer\u201d alternative to traditional cigarettes, a growing body of evidence indicates that vaping can cause serious health problems, especially in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of disposable e-cigarettes and other nicotine products among adolescents and young adults, as well as to examine the factors associated with regular smoking and nicotine dependence across individual nicotine-containing products. Material and Methods: The survey was conducted among residents of southern Poland. A total of 625 (100%) people were examined. Among them were: 350 women and 275 men. The subjects were aged between 14 and 29 years (Median and 25th\u201375th percentile: 19; 16\u201323). The study used an original questionnaire, the completion of which was anonymous and voluntary. The questions included in the survey concerned the smoking status of the respondents, the main sources of nicotine intake and general information such as age, gender, place of residence, employment or education, and financial stability of the family. The survey used the Fagerstr\u00f6m test to examine the degree of nicotine dependence among the subjects. Results: A total of 34% (212; 33.92%) of the surveyed group of adolescents and young adults were smokers, most of whom used disposable e-cigarettes (69; 32.55%). In addition, 60% (368; 58.88%) of respondents reported having tried disposable e-cigarettes. Smokers, of both traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes, accounted for 14% (88; 14.08%) of the study group. The results of the study showed a statistically significant effect of the age of the participants on the method of nicotine intake (p = 0.013). In the younger group, e-cigarettes were more often used, while in the older group, the use of heated tobacco products and traditional cigarettes dominated. Respondents\u2019 median age at the first use of nicotine products was 16 years. Factors such as living in the city, lower financial stability, and having a parent who smoked during childhood were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of regular nicotine product use. Among the regular users, a high level of nicotine dependence was observed in 28.64% (n = 61) of individuals, with the largest proportion occurring among those using electronic cigarettes (39.37%; n = 50). Conclusions: 1. In the study group of adolescents and young adults, disposable e-cigarettes were the most used nicotine-containing product. 2. Parental smoking and male gender were positively associated with the likelihood of smoking, whereas primary education and financial stability were inversely associated with tobacco use. 3. Electronic cigarette users exhibited the highest average nicotine dependence scores. Multivariate analysis confirmed that male gender, the type of nicotine product used, and place of residence were independently associated with higher Fagerstr\u00f6m test scores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15135318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:27:31Z","timestamp":1783531651000},"page":"5318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and Correlates of Disposable E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Southern Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8257-6614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f3zefa","family":"D\u0105bek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"\u017berdka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club, Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6513-1490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Brasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club, Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Smolka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2023-058241","article-title":"Trends in vaping and nicotine product use among youth in Canada, England and the USA between 2017 and 2022: Evidence to inform policy","volume":"34","author":"Hammond","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16044","article-title":"Rapid growth in disposable e-cigarette vaping among young adults in Great Britain from 2021 to 2022: A repeat cross-sectional survey","volume":"118","author":"Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.10.010","article-title":"VpALI-Vaping-related Acute Lung Injury: A New Killer Around the Block","volume":"94","author":"Kashyap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6839e1","article-title":"Characteristics of a Multistate Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with E-cigarette Use, or Vaping\u2014United States, 2019","volume":"68","author":"Perrine","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.09.023","article-title":"E-cigarette use and asthma in a multiethnic sample of adolescents","volume":"105","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.03.010","article-title":"E-Cigarette Use Among Florida Youth With and Without Asthma","volume":"51","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa229","article-title":"Association between E-cigarette use and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-asthmatic adults in the USA","volume":"44","author":"Antwi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001160","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary Impact of Electronic Cigarettes and Vaping Products: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Rose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.05.004","article-title":"Association Between Electronic Cigarette Use and Myocardial Infarction","volume":"55","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14561","article-title":"Nicotine and electronic cigarette (E-Cig) exposure decreases brain glucose utilization in ischemic stroke","volume":"147","author":"Sifat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services (2016). E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults, A Report of the Surgeon General."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.09.028","article-title":"Interventions for Preventing E-Cigarette Use Among Children and Youth: A Systematic Review","volume":"66","author":"Mylocopos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S671","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_245_19","article-title":"The Development and Assessment of Modified Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence Scale among Malaysian Single Electronic Cigarette Users","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7341a2","article-title":"Notes from the Field: E-Cigarette and Nicotine Pouch Use Among Middle and High School Students\u2014United States, 2024","volume":"73","author":"Jamal","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023063430","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-063430","article-title":"Disposable E-Cigarette Use and Subsequent Use Patterns in Adolescents and Young Adults","volume":"153","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battista, K., Patte, K.A., Wade, T.J., Cole, A.G., Elton-Marshall, T., Lucibello, K.M., Pickett, W., and Leatherdale, S.T. (2024). Do sociodemographic risk profiles for adolescents engaging in weekly e-cigarette, cigarette, and dual product use differ?. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18813-2"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148S","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839919882700","article-title":"Socioeconomic and Demographic Status and Perceived Health Risks of E-Cigarette Product Contents Among Youth: Results From a National Survey","volume":"21","author":"Vu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, M.J., Gray, L., and Sweeting, H. (2020). Youth vaping and smoking and parental vaping: A panel survey. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09228-w"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20194034","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-4034","article-title":"Parental Awareness of Youth Tobacco Use and the Role of Household Tobacco Rules in Use Prevention","volume":"146","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"908","article-title":"Disparities in Cigarette, E-cigarette, Cigar, and Smokeless Tobacco Use at the Intersection of Multiple Social Identities in the US Adult Population","volume":"25","author":"Meza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, F., and Silveyra, P. (2023). Sex Differences in E-Cigarette Use and Related Health Effects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20227079"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab180","article-title":"Electronic cigarette use among adolescents in 17 European study sites: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey","volume":"32","author":"Tarasenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020020651","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-020651","article-title":"Rural-Urban Differences in Changes and Effects of Tobacco 21 in Youth E-cigarette Use","volume":"147","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12194","article-title":"Differences in Cigarette Use and the Tobacco Environment Among Youth Living in Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas","volume":"34","author":"Bernat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rural. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.304995","article-title":"Rural-Urban Differences in the Decline of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking","volume":"109","author":"Ziller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, A., Bluestein, M.A., Kuk, A.E., and Chen, B. (2021). Age of e-cigarette initiation in USA young adults: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study (2013\u20132017). PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261243"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6812a1","article-title":"Tobacco Product Use and Associated Factors Among Middle and High School Students\u2014United States, 2019","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.147.3MA10.1004a","article-title":"Parents are not aware of their adolescents\u2019 cigarette and e-cigarette use","volume":"147","author":"McMillen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"10229","article-title":"Vaping, Smoking and Lung Cancer Risk","volume":"9","author":"Bittoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jankowski, M., Krzystanek, M., Zejda, J.E., Majek, P., Lubanski, J., Lawson, J.A., and Brozek, G. (2019). E-cigarettes are more addictive than traditional cigarettes: A study in highly educated young people. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16132279"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae060","article-title":"Comparison of indicators of dependence for vaping and smoking: Trends between 2017 and 2022 among youth in Canada, England, and the United States","volume":"26","author":"Gomes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-R\u00edos, M., Santiago-P\u00e9rez, M.I., Alonso, B., Malvar, A., Hervada, X., and de Leon, J. (2009). Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence vs heavy smoking index in a general population survey. BMC Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-493"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad056","article-title":"Causal effect of education on tobacco use in low-and-middle-income countries","volume":"25","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494821993721","article-title":"Association between educational level and smoking cessation in an 11-year follow-up study of a national health survey","volume":"49","author":"Ruokolainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/13\/5318\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:15:41Z","timestamp":1783570541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/13\/5318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15135318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15135318","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}}}