{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:54:44Z","timestamp":1789559684228,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preclinical studies using animal models are of utmost importance for translating innovative interventions from experimental to clinical settings. However, relatively few experimental urethroplasty studies have been conducted, and the number of randomized controlled trials remains limited; consequently, the overall quality of reporting in this field is still suboptimal. There is therefore a need to establish reproducible experimental models based on a sound understanding of laboratory animal anatomy and physiology, combined with refined surgical techniques appropriate for each species. For the rabbit model, a more equipped environment is needed, set up in such a way as to allow surgery to be performed in a sterile field or in any case with a very low bacterial load. A replicable model for experimental urethroplasty was proposed, including ventral onlay urethroplasty using a free autologous graft. The fascia lata was selected as the graft material owing to its ease of harvest, the quantity available, and the absence of significant donor-site morbidity. The rat model, instead, requires a microscope and microsurgical instruments. Although the rat is not traditionally considered a standard experimental model for urethral surgery\u2014mainly due to the technical difficulty imposed by its small size\u2014it can serve as a reliable model when proper microsurgical training is applied. Three key technical points are crucial for successful surgery: control of urethral bleeding by proximal compressive hemostasis; meticulous handling of the graft, ensuring accurate suturing once it is fully spread; and precise placement of sutures using refined microsurgical techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15145362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:16:22Z","timestamp":1783592182000},"page":"5362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Principles of Microsurgery for Experimental Urethroplasty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7495-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Campodonico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Unit, Ospedale Galliera, 16128 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Ognio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Cancer Research, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Brizzolara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Martino Hospital, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Favre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giannina Gaslini Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Genova, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Campodonico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapienza Medical School, University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Carmignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Martino Hospital, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mundy, A.R. 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