{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:16:11Z","timestamp":1785413771557,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","award":["61.610.011-110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61.610.011-110"]}]},{"award":["61.610.011-110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61.610.011-110"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05s4feg49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minister of Science under \u201cThe Regional Initiative of Excellence Program\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hyperuricemia is increasingly recognized as an important component of metabolic dysfunction and cardiometabolic risk, particularly in individuals with obesity and hypertension. However, the relative contribution of obesity-related metabolic disturbances and blood pressure parameters to serum uric acid levels remains incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to identify independent clinical and metabolic determinants of serum uric acid levels and to determine whether obesity or hypertension is more strongly associated with elevated serum uric acid levels. Methods: This retrospective observational study evaluated the metabolic determinants of serum uric acid levels in 370 hospitalized adults stratified according to obesity and hypertension status. Serum uric acid concentrations were measured using an enzymatic spectrophotometric method and compared across four clinical groups, and univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify independent determinants of serum uric acid levels. Allopurinol use was recorded and included in the multivariable analysis, whereas the effects of individual antihypertensive drug classes were not evaluated. Results: Hyperuricemia was identified in 16.8% of the cohort, with the highest prevalence observed among patients with coexisting obesity and hypertension (22%). Serum uric acid levels were higher in men than in women (median: 6.4 vs. 5.7 mg\/dL; p &lt; 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, higher expected serum uric acid levels were independently associated with higher BMI, higher ALT activity, eGFR \u2264 90 mL\/min\/1.73 m2, and male sex, whereas older age and not receiving allopurinol were independently associated with lower expected serum uric acid levels. Each 1 kg\/m2 increase in BMI was associated with an approximately 0.48% higher expected serum uric acid level (95% CI: 0.19\u20130.78%; p = 0.001). Blood pressure parameters were not significant predictors. Conclusions: These findings suggest that excess adiposity and associated metabolic disturbances may play a more prominent role than hypertension alone in the development of hyperuricemia. Targeting obesity and metabolic risk factors may therefore represent an important strategy for reducing hyperuricemia and improving cardiometabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15145438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T08:53:58Z","timestamp":1783932838000},"page":"5438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Determinants of Serum Uric Acid Levels in Patients with Obesity and Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Beata","family":"Moczulska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinical Ward, University Clinical Hospital, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8931-9576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Osowiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bryczkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinical Ward, University Clinical Hospital, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Jaje-Rykowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinical Ward, University Clinical Hospital, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8827-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leszek","family":"Gromadzi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinical Ward, University Clinical Hospital, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5856-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Majewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e346","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(25)00344-3","article-title":"Worldwide Trends in Hyperuricaemia from 2000 to 2023: A Systematic Review and Modelling Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Nkeck","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40807","article-title":"Contemporary Prevalence of Gout and Hyperuricemia in the United States and Decadal Trends: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007\u20132016","volume":"71","author":"Yokose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.07.006","article-title":"Hyperuricaemia and Gout in Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Kidney Disease","volume":"80","author":"Borghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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