{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:27:39Z","timestamp":1785432459287,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82302820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82302820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82302820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82302820"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Total nasal reconstruction has long represented a formidable surgical challenge. To date, no universally accepted, evidence-based protocol for nasal reconstruction exists to guide clinical practice. This study introduces a novel technique for comprehensive, three-layer nasal reconstruction. Specifically, the approach entails (1) reconstruction of the nasal mucosal lining using a free radial forearm flap; (2) provision of robust structural support via an exogenous extended framework; and (3) restoration of the external nasal skin using an expanded forehead flap. Methods: Ten patients underwent reconstruction for full-thickness nasal defects, all achieving successful structural and functional restoration. All surgical procedures were completed successfully, with operative durations ranging from 6.5 to 10.5 h. One patient developed an infection involving the rib cartilage graft. Following thorough debridement, the radial forearm free flap healed uneventfully. A second patient experienced postoperative vascular compromise of the flap. Intraoperative exploration revealed inadequate perfusion; immediate microsurgical revision\u2014including adjustment of recipient vessels and\/or re-anastomosis\u2014successfully restored flap viability. Results: Primary wound healing was achieved in all patients within 10\u201322 days. All patients completed a follow-up of 12\u201336 months (mean: 21.5 months). Both patients and the surgical team rated postoperative nasal aesthetics as satisfactory. Objective functional assessments\u2014including anterior rhinomanometry and peak nasal inspiratory flow\u2014demonstrated no clinically significant impairment in nasal airflow. Conclusions: This surgical strategy for reconstructing the three-layer nasal architecture in patients with total nasal defects represents a rational and clinically viable approach\u2014offering a valuable reference for rhinoplasty surgeons performing such complex reconstructions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15145459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T08:53:58Z","timestamp":1783932838000},"page":"5459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Surgical Strategy for Three-Layer Structure Reconstruction in Total Nasal Defect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bao-Fu","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan-Chang","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200205000-00010","article-title":"A 10-year experience in nasal reconstruction with the three-stage forehead flap","volume":"109","author":"Menick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast. 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Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200007000-00006","article-title":"Nasal reconstruction based on aesthetic subunits in Orientals","volume":"106","author":"Yotsuyanagi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70210","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.70210","article-title":"Super-Thin ALT Flap for Composite Nasal Reconstruction in an Elderly Kidney Transplant Patient","volume":"46","author":"Longo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7608","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000007608","article-title":"Temporoparietal Fascial Free Flap With Vascularized Helical Rim Component for Complex Nasal Reconstruction","volume":"14","author":"Nanda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. 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