{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T04:05:17Z","timestamp":1784174717504,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: As cancer survival improves, rehabilitation has become an increasingly important component of comprehensive oncology care, addressing the growing burden of treatment-related impairments. Although electrotherapy modalities are widely used in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, their application in oncology remains controversial because of persistent concerns regarding safety and potential interactions with tumor biology. This narrative review critically evaluates the current evidence regarding the clinical applications, safety, contraindications, and therapeutic potential of electrotherapy modalities in oncology rehabilitation. Methods: A structured literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between January 2000 and March 2026. Evidence from randomized controlled trials, observational studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical practice guidelines, consensus statements, and narrative reviews was analyzed. Results: The strongest clinical evidence supports transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), photobiomodulation (PBM)\/low-level laser therapy (LLLT), neuromuscular and functional electrical stimulation (NMES\/FES), Deep Oscillation Therapy, and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for selected supportive indications in oncology rehabilitation. Therapeutic ultrasound, pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), Multiwave Locked System (MLS) laser, and shortwave diathermy show promising but still limited clinical evidence, whereas oncology-specific evidence remains insufficient for interferential currents, diadynamic currents, high-intensity laser therapy (HILT), Super Inductive System (SIS), and transfer of capacitive and resistive energy (TECAR) therapy. Conclusions: Electrotherapy in oncology rehabilitation should be considered a prescription-based therapeutic intervention rather than a group of interchangeable physical modalities. As with pharmacological therapy, treatment efficacy and safety depend on selecting the appropriate modality, establishing the correct indication, and prescribing appropriate dosimetry and treatment parameters. Current evidence supports an individualized, evidence-informed approach that integrates the biological effects of each modality with the patient\u2019s oncological status, rehabilitation goals, and overall clinical condition, with the ultimate aim of improving function, symptom control, and quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15145548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T03:34:23Z","timestamp":1784172863000},"page":"5548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrotherapy in Oncology Rehabilitation: Current Evidence, Safety Considerations, and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Octaviana","family":"Daia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Division, Clinical CF2 Hospital, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan Nicolae","family":"P\u0103duraru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Radu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Division, Clinical CF2 Hospital, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iulia","family":"Lipianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5132-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Bumbea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200345 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000594","article-title":"Progress in Cancer Mortality, Incidence, and Survival: A Global Overview","volume":"29","author":"Santucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.22036","article-title":"Rehabilitation of Individuals with Cancer","volume":"46","author":"Mayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33588","article-title":"Cancer Statistics for the Year 2020: An Overview","volume":"149","author":"Ferlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"295","article-title":"Impairment-Driven Cancer Rehabilitation: An Essential Component of Quality Care and Survivorship","volume":"63","author":"Silver","year":"2013","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.7033","article-title":"Rehabilitation in Oncology Care Guidelines: A Gap Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Andrews","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Canc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_1048_23","article-title":"Ethical and Moral Principles for Oncology Healthcare Workers: A Brief Report from a Bioethics Consortium Emphasizing the Need for Education","volume":"13","author":"Baliga","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.33393\/aop.2025.3299","article-title":"Perceived Bioethical Issues in Cancer Rehabilitation: A Qualitative Study among Italian Physiotherapists","volume":"15","author":"Bertoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, E.S., Richards, B., and Smith, S.R. (2023). Function in Cancer Patients: Disease and Clinical Determinants. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133515"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.53.6680","article-title":"Role of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Agents in the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Pain","volume":"32","author":"Cheville","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2011.03.008","article-title":"Cancer Rehabilitation","volume":"38","author":"Stubblefield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181e0c112","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable on Exercise Guidelines for Cancer Survivors","volume":"42","author":"Schmitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-021-00312-9","article-title":"Safety, Precautions, and Modalities in Cancer Rehabilitation: An Updated Review","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Howick, J., Chalmers, I., Glasziou, P., Greenhalgh, T., Heneghan, C., Liberati, A., Moschetti, I., Phillips, B., Thornton, H., and Goddard, O. (2026, July 03). The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Oxford. Available online: https:\/\/www.cebm.ox.ac.uk\/resources\/levels-of-evidence."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Robinson, A.J., and Snyder-Mackler, L. (2008). Clinical Electrophysiology: Electrotherapy and Electrophysiologic Testing, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Watson, T. (2008). Electrotherapy: Evidence-Based Practice, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. [12th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Daia, C. (2025). Electrotherapy: Practicle Priciple, Editura Universitar\u0103. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Electrophysical Agents: Contraindications and Precautions. An Evidence-Based Approach to Clinical Decision Making in Physical Therapy","volume":"62","author":"Houghton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiother. Can."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reljic, D., Herrmann, H.J., and Zopf, Y. (2024). Commentary: Revised Contraindications for the Use of Non-Medical Whole-Body Electromyostimulation. Evidence-Based German Consensus Recommendations. Front. Sports Act. Living, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1425233"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daia, C., Scheau, C., Toader, C., Bumbea, A.M., Caimac, V.D., Andone, I., Popescu, C., Spanu, A., and Onose, G. (2021). Radial Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy versus Ultrasound Therapy in Adult Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081701"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.5.190067","article-title":"Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy: An Update","volume":"5","author":"Auersperg","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000355472","article-title":"Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Romeo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De la Corte-Rodr\u00edguez, H., Rom\u00e1n-Belmonte, J.M., Rodr\u00edguez-Damiani, B.A., V\u00e1zquez-Sasot, A., and Rodr\u00edguez-Merch\u00e1n, E.C. (2023). Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Pain: A Narrative Review. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11212830"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.07.005","article-title":"Therapeutic Applications of Ultrasound","volume":"93","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/81.7.1351","article-title":"A Review of Therapeutic Ultrasound: Biophysical Effects","volume":"81","author":"Baker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.12.1331","article-title":"Therapeutic Ultrasound in Soft Tissue Lesions","volume":"40","author":"Speed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01515-8","article-title":"An Update on the Management of Bone Metastases","volume":"26","author":"Grosinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"362","article-title":"Efficacy of Therapeutic Ultrasound Added to Complex Decongestive Therapy in Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema","volume":"23","author":"Pervane","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lymphat. Res. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-103023-111151","article-title":"Therapeutic Ultrasound for Multimodal Cancer Treatment: A Spotlight on Breast Cancer","volume":"27","author":"Demir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.09.008","article-title":"Focused Ultrasound in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review of Mechanisms and Applications","volume":"51","author":"Labib","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"4039","article-title":"Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in the Supportive Care and Rehabilitation of Cancer Patients","volume":"27","author":"Crevenna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"130","article-title":"Pilot Study of Oncological Safety of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Post-Mastectomy Lymphedema in Patients with Breast Cancer","volume":"99","author":"Grushina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vopr. Kurortol. Fizioter. Lech. Fiz. Kult."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.-H., Kim, S.-B., Lee, K.-W., and Ha, W.-W. (2022). Long-Term Effects of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226747"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.02.019","article-title":"Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: A Pilot Study","volume":"97","author":"Cebicci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"217","article-title":"Comparison of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy and Complex Regional Decongestive Treatment in the Treatment of Postmastectomy Lymphedema: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"11","author":"Alkan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Teoli, D., Dua, A., and An, J. (2026). Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3402\/ljm.v4i2.4812","article-title":"Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): A Possible Aid for Pain Relief in Developing Countries?","volume":"4","author":"Tashani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Libyan J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robb, K.A., Bennett, M.I., Johnson, M.I., Simpson, K.J., and Oxberry, S.G. (2008). Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Cancer Pain in Adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD006276.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006276.pub2"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurlow, A., Bennett, M.I., Robb, K.A., Johnson, M.I., Simpson, K.H., and Oxberry, S.G. (2012). Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Cancer Pain in Adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD006276.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006276.pub3"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"5323","article-title":"Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Advanced Cancer Pain Inpatients in Specialist Palliative Care: A Blinded, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Pilot Cross-Over Trial","volume":"28","author":"Siemens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00fcsk\u00fcll\u00fco\u011flu, M., Tomaszewski, K.A., Grela-Wojewoda, A., Pacholczak-Madej, R., and Ebner, F. (2022). Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Pain and Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020284"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-023-00549-3","article-title":"Exploring the Rules of Related Parameters in Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Cancer Pain Based on Data Mining","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0225","article-title":"Effect of Treatment with Low-Intensity and Extremely Low-Frequency Electrostatic Fields (Deep Oscillation) on Breast Tissue and Pain in Patients with Secondary Breast Lymphoedema","volume":"40","author":"Jahr","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215511427414","article-title":"Efficacy of Low-Frequency Low-Intensity Electrotherapy in the Treatment of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphoedema: A Cross-Over Randomized Trial","volume":"26","author":"Belmonte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2024.01.010","article-title":"Evaluation of Deep Oscillation Therapy for the Treatment of Lumbar Pain Syndrome Using Motion Capture Systems: A Systematic Review","volume":"38","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679248","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/679248","article-title":"Safety and Effectiveness of Vibration Massage by Deep Oscillations: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"2013","author":"Kraft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"420","article-title":"Lymphedema Management in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials on Physical Therapy Interventions","volume":"33","year":"2025","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080060","article-title":"Electrical Stimulation Using Kilohertz-Frequency Alternating Current","volume":"89","author":"Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2022.106932","article-title":"Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Combined with Resistance Exercises on Muscle Strength in Adult Hematological Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"121","author":"Safran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rieder, F., Sassmann, R., Kienberger, Y.T., Castagnaviz, V., Schaffler-Schaden, D., Johansson, T., Rinnerthaler, G., Flamm, M., Greil, R., and Schulze, C. (2026). Different Types of Electrostimulation Target Specific Impaired Sensory and Motor Functions in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Secondary Analysis of a Controlled Trial. Front. Neurol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1653161"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"135","article-title":"Surgical Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme Localized in the Motor Area of the Brain Using the Technique of Cortical Electrostimulation","volume":"22","author":"Bogosavljevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20758","article-title":"Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation","volume":"35","author":"Sheffler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"232","article-title":"A Review of Portable FES-Based Neural Orthoses for the Correction of Drop Foot","volume":"5","author":"Lyons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemmler, W., Weissenfels, A., Willert, S., Shojaa, M., von Stengel, S., Filipovic, A., Klein\u00f6der, H., Berger, J., and Fr\u00f6hlich, M. (2018). Whole-Body Electromyostimulation: A Training Technology to Improve Health and Performance in Humans?. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00573"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"63","article-title":"A Review of Therapeutic Electroanalgesia","volume":"77","author":"Kitchen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Watson, T. (2008). Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Related Electroanalgesic Techniques. Electrotherapy: Evidence-Based Practice, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090335","article-title":"Effectiveness of Interferential Current Therapy in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"90","author":"Fuentes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"115","article-title":"Interferential Electrical Stimulation for Improved Bladder Management Following Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"11","author":"Daia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3934\/biophy.2017.3.337","article-title":"Mechanisms and Applications of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Photobiomodulation","volume":"4","author":"Hamblin","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIMS Biophys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614001","DOI":"10.1117\/12.646294","article-title":"Mechanisms of Low Level Light Therapy","volume":"Volume 6140","author":"Hamblin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy I"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.09-027.Hamblin","article-title":"Biphasic Dose Response in Low Level Light Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2006.24.158","article-title":"Low-Level Laser Therapy in Acute Pain: A Systematic Review of Possible Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Effects in Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials","volume":"24","author":"Bjordal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"3969","article-title":"Systematic Review of Photobiomodulation for the Management of Oral Mucositis in Cancer Patients and Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"27","author":"Zadik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"3429","article-title":"Healthcare professionals\u2019 perspectives of barriers and facilitators in implementing physical activity programmes delivered to cancer survivors in a shared-care model: A qualitative study","volume":"28","author":"IJsbrandy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.5978\/islsm.12-RE-01","article-title":"Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Standard of Supportive Care for Cancer Therapy-Induced Oral Mucositis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients?","volume":"21","author":"Jadaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laser Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12417","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12417","article-title":"Low Level Laser Therapy Induces Increased Viability and Proliferation in Isolated Cancer Cells","volume":"51","author":"Kara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2781","article-title":"Low-Level Laser Therapy\/Photobiomodulation in the Management of Side Effects of Chemoradiation Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer: Part 1. Mechanisms of Action, Dosimetric, and Safety Considerations","volume":"24","author":"Zecha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"59","article-title":"Effectiveness of Cold Compression Therapy versus Multi-Waved Locked System Laser on Breast Cancer-Related Lymphoedema: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"Abolkasem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fiz. Reabil. Rekreac.-Ozdor. Tekhnol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10669-007-9128-2","article-title":"Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy: History, State of the Art and Future","volume":"27","author":"Markov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmentalist"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"338","article-title":"Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy on Inflammatory Pathways and Tissue Repair","volume":"40","author":"Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiriac, V.F., Ciurescu, D., and Mo\u0219oiu, D.V. (2023). Cancer Pain and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation\u2014A Narrative Review. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59111957"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wernecke, E., Ragaban, F., Rosenquist, P.B., Jaganathan, N., Healy, W.J., and Del Fabbro, E.G. (2025). The Role of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Peripheral Magnetic Field Therapy in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Narrative Review. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17223628"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"168","article-title":"Efficacy of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy on Acute Radiodermatitis in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"34","author":"Mohamed","year":"2026","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"e101970","article-title":"Therapeutic Magnetic Fields in Oncology: A Systematic Review of Safety and Supportive Clinical Use","volume":"18","author":"Colonna","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21449","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021449","article-title":"Analgesic Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields for Mammaplasty: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pantelis, P., Theocharous, G., Veroutis, D., Vagena, I.A., Polyzou, A., Thanos, D.F., Kyrodimos, E., Kotsinas, A., Evangelou, K., and Lagopati, N. (2024). Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Trigger Cell Death and Senescence in Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202401.1760.v1"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-024-02006-8","article-title":"Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Inhibit IL-37 to Alleviate CD8+ T Cell Dysfunction and Suppress Cervical Cancer Progression","volume":"29","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Robertson, V.J., Ward, A.R., Low, J., and Reed, A. (2006). Electrotherapy Explained: Principles and Practice, Elsevier. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Kitchen, S., and Bazin, S. (2002). Clayton\u2019s Electrotherapy: Theory and Practice, Elsevier. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1092172","article-title":"Thermal Build-Up, Decay and Retention Responses to Local Therapeutic Application of 448 kHz Capacitive Resistive Monopolar Radiofrequency: A Prospective Randomised Crossover Study in Healthy Adults","volume":"31","author":"Kumaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Biological Effects of Extracorporeal Radiofrequency Therapy (TECAR): A Review","volume":"25","author":"Notarnicola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.26.09850-2","article-title":"Shortwave Diathermy in the Management of Chronic Lymphedema Following Breast Cancer Surgery: Proof-of-Concept Findings from a Single-Arm, Pre-Post, Retrospective Observational Study","volume":"117","author":"Picelli","year":"2026","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2015.05.009","article-title":"Local Hyperthermia Combined with Radiotherapy and\/or Chemotherapy: Recent Advances and Promises for the Future","volume":"41","author":"Datta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdf280","article-title":"Heating the Patient: A Promising Approach?","volume":"13","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.07.038","article-title":"Hyperthermia Adds to Chemotherapy","volume":"44","author":"Issels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/14\/5548\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T03:57:09Z","timestamp":1784174229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/14\/5548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15145548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15145548","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}}}