{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:04:27Z","timestamp":1791389067452,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003443","name":"The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1026022000066-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1026022000066-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["1026022000066-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1026022000066-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ghqgy32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is characterized by pronounced molecular heterogeneity that is not always fully captured by standard histopathological assessment. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is increasingly regarded as a promising liquid-biopsy biomarker that enables non-invasive molecular tumor profiling, assessment of tumor burden, dynamic monitoring of treatment response, and detection of measurable\/minimal residual disease (MRD). Modern analytical platforms, ranging from PCR-based assays to next-generation sequencing approaches, including CAPP-Seq and PhasED-Seq, have substantially expanded the possibilities of molecular monitoring in DLBCL. This review summarizes current data on the biological characteristics of ctDNA, contemporary methods for its analysis, concordance between ctDNA and tumor-tissue mutational profiles, and the clinical significance of baseline ctDNA levels, early molecular response, post-treatment MRD status, and molecular surveillance during remission. Special attention is given to ctDNA monitoring in patients receiving novel immunotherapies, including CAR-T cell therapy, bispecific antibodies, and antibody\u2013drug conjugates. Emerging multi-omic approaches integrating genomic, epigenomic, and fragmentomic data are discussed as promising future directions. Key limitations of clinical implementation include insufficient standardization of preanalytical and analytical workflows, the confounding effect of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, variability across technological platforms, and the lack of completed prospective randomized interventional studies demonstrating improved outcomes when therapy is modified according to ctDNA status. Overall, ctDNA is currently a highly informative prognostic biomarker in DLBCL; however, its full implementation as a predictive tool for treatment selection requires further harmonization, prospective validation, and confirmation in interventional clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15145558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T03:34:23Z","timestamp":1784172863000},"page":"5558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Circulating Tumor DNA as a Biomarker of Treatment Response and Minimal Residual Disease in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3468-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina","family":"Chernova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University\u2014Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariia","family":"Orlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University\u2014Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Baryakh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University\u2014Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Clinical Science and Research Center 52, 123182 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"FSBEI FPE \u00abRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education\u00bb of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 125993 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Misyurina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University\u2014Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Clinical Science and Research Center 52, 123182 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Tolstykh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University\u2014Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Clinical Science and Research Center 52, 123182 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Zotina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University\u2014Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Clinical Science and Research Center 52, 123182 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgii","family":"Tyshkevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSBI FPE \u00abCentral State Medical Academy\u00bb of the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation, 121359 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1653-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktoriia","family":"Basova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Suvorina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Misyurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marat","family":"Mingalimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University\u2014Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Clinical Science and Research Center 52, 123182 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2027612","article-title":"Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"384","author":"Sehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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