{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:24:11Z","timestamp":1791617051649,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Post-burn neck contractures continue to represent a complex reconstructive problem, with significant functional limitations and a marked impact on patients\u2019 appearance and quality of life. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess surgical outcomes in adult patients undergoing reconstruction for post-burn neck contractures. Methods: A comprehensive search of Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus was performed up to January 2025. Studies reporting surgical management of post-burn neck contractures were included. Primary outcomes were functional and aesthetic improvement, while secondary outcomes included complications, recontracture, and disfiguring scarring. Results: In total, 46 studies comprising 1636 patients were included. Flap-based reconstruction was the most frequently applied approach. Overall, functional improvement was achieved in 92% of cases (95% CI: 89\u201394%), while satisfactory aesthetic outcomes were reported in 90% (95% CI: 85\u201393%). The pooled complication rate was 15% (95% CI: 11\u201320%), with higher rates observed following free flap reconstruction. The incidence of recontracture and disfiguring scarring remained relatively low, about 6%. Although functional outcomes were comparable across flap types, regional flaps appeared to offer the most favorable balance between aesthetic results and complication rates. In contrast, skin grafts and dermal substitutes showed less consistent outcomes and a higher tendency toward recurrence. Conclusions: Flap-based reconstruction remains the cornerstone of treatment for post-burn neck contractures. Surgical planning should be individualized, taking into account defect severity, tissue availability, and surgical expertise. Further prospective studies using standardized outcome measures are needed to strengthen current evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15145583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:23:14Z","timestamp":1784193794000},"page":"5583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reconstruction of Post-Burn Neck Contractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Surgical Techniques and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marko","family":"Jovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Burns, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7885-467X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milana","family":"Marinkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Burns, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8365-4840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Rakocevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Histology and Embryology \u201cAleksandar \u0110. Kosti\u0107\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7609-4504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoran","family":"Bukumiri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Statistics and Informatics, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odenese, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3209-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milana","family":"Juri\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Burns, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Jovanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Burns, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4545-4335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Stoji\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Burns, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljiljana","family":"Jovanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Burns, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Tabakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases \u201cDedinje\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Jeremi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Burns, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2024.02.003","article-title":"Head and neck reconstruction in burn patients","volume":"51","author":"Ogawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1786008","article-title":"Airway management for acute and reconstructive burns: Our 30-year experience","volume":"38","author":"Mittal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2013.03.006","article-title":"Burns to the head and neck: Epidemiology and predictors of surgery","volume":"39","author":"Hoogewerf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3390\/ebj4020022","article-title":"Free tissue transfer in the reconstruction of neck contractures after burn injury: A case series","volume":"4","author":"Kwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Burn J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoinoiu, T., Grujic, D., Prilipceanu, G., Folescu, R., Hoinoiu, B., Bratu, T., Poroch, V., and Grujic, L. (2020). The use of collagen-glycosaminoglycan biodegradable matrix (Integra\u00ae) in the management of neck post-burn hypertrophic scars and contractures. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113731"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2021.04.015","article-title":"Adolescents with and without head and neck burns: Comparison of long-term outcomes in the Burn Model System National Database","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2018.12.017","article-title":"Head and neck burns are associated with long-term patient-reported dissatisfaction with appearance: A Burn Model System National Database study","volume":"45","author":"Sinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"301","article-title":"Post-burn neck contracture: Effectively managed with supraclavicular artery flap","volume":"32","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Burn. Fire Disasters"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4174\/astr.2014.87.5.253","article-title":"Management of neck contractures by single-stage dermal substitutes and skin grafting in extensive burn patients","volume":"87","author":"Seo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Treat. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.62347\/JNPY4151","article-title":"Combined awake videolaryngobronchoscopy intubation with HFNC preoxygenation for predicted difficult airway in a patient with post-burn mentosternal scar contracture","volume":"14","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_526_20","article-title":"Pre-shaped supraglottic airway devices offer an alternative to endotracheal intubation for airway management of post-burn neck contracture: A case series","volume":"38","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anaesthesiol. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"e79184","article-title":"Microstomia release in post-burn contractures: A case report","volume":"17","author":"Mir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e72421","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric disorders and burn trauma: Insights from a tertiary care hospital","volume":"16","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"NC12","article-title":"Post burn contracture neck: Clinical profile and management","volume":"8","author":"Mody","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-020-03178-w","article-title":"A comprehensive reconstruction strategy for moderate to severe faciocervical scar contractures","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1641724","article-title":"Post-burn neck contracture: Principles of reconstruction and a treatment algorithm","volume":"34","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.6056","article-title":"Current clinical practice of orofacial contracture management in head and neck burn patients among physical therapists of Hyderabad","volume":"73","author":"Shaikh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2014.05.006","article-title":"Common post-burn deformities and their management","volume":"94","author":"Cartotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002166","article-title":"Post-burn head and neck reconstruction: An algorithmic approach","volume":"27","author":"Heidekrueger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2005.12.009","article-title":"The classification and treatment algorithm for post-burn cervical contractures reconstructed with free flaps","volume":"32","author":"Tsai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01387852","article-title":"Surgical management for mentosternal contractures by flap procedures","volume":"20","author":"Pallua","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2009.05.009","article-title":"Burn reconstruction: The problems, the techniques, and the applications","volume":"36","author":"Wainwright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-017-0086-8","article-title":"The neck burn scar contracture: A concept of effective treatment","volume":"5","author":"Akita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"301","article-title":"An ATP-activated spatiotemporally controlled hydrogel prodrug system for treating multidrug-resistant bacteria-infected pressure ulcers","volume":"45","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2025.100020","article-title":"Hyperthermia-enhanced immunoregulation hydrogel for oxygenation and ROS neutralization in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"1","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biomater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"155","article-title":"Cervical spine functional anatomy and the biomechanics of injury due to compressive loading","volume":"40","author":"Swartz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-015-0872-4","article-title":"Submental-cervical angle: Perceived attractiveness and threshold values of desire for surgery","volume":"15","author":"Naini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)90098-5","article-title":"Normal global motion of the cervical spine: An electrogoniometric study","volume":"14","author":"Feipel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3182721773","article-title":"Reconstruction of post-burn cervical contractures using expanded supraclavicular artery flap","volume":"34","author":"Sever","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2017.05.047","article-title":"Refining the extended circumflex scapular flap for neck burn reconstruction: A 30-year experience","volume":"70","author":"Angrigiani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.1600","article-title":"The supraclavicular flap for reconstruction of post-burn mentosternal contractures","volume":"15","author":"Loghmani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. Red Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000282040.39007.1d","article-title":"Reconstruction of post-burn neck contractures using free thin thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps with cervicoplasty","volume":"120","author":"Mun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199493030-00009","article-title":"Aesthetic microsurgical reconstruction of anterior neck burn deformities","volume":"93","author":"Angrigiani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"87","article-title":"Treatment modalities in severe mento-sternal synechia","volume":"3","author":"Ayhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.53350\/pjmhs211592242","article-title":"Comparison of supraclavicular artery flap and skin graft in management of neck contractures","volume":"15","author":"Bhatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2016.04.020","article-title":"Reconstruction of cicatricial contracture on the face and neck with skin flap pedicled by anterior branch of transverse cervical artery","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000011079","article-title":"Cervical defect reconstruction using preexpanded neck flaps transferred in a scarf-wrapping manner","volume":"36","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2009.05.008","article-title":"Trapeze-flap plasty: Effective method for post-burn neck contracture elimination","volume":"36","author":"Grishkevich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3182331d4c","article-title":"Unilateral cervical burn scar deformity elimination with contralateral cervicothoracic flap\u2014A new approach","volume":"33","author":"Grishkevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0000000000000205","article-title":"Post-burn neck lateral contracture anatomy and treatment: A new approach","volume":"36","author":"Grishkevich","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Burn. Care Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31815f128a","article-title":"Extended vertical trapezius fasciocutaneous flap in face and neck burn scar reconstruction","volume":"61","author":"Hafezi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.2002.3865","article-title":"The microvascular augmented subdermal vascular network flap: Variations and recent developments","volume":"55","author":"Hyakusoku","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"209","article-title":"Supraclavicular artery perforator flap in management of post-burn neck reconstruction: Clinical experience","volume":"29","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Burn. Fire Disasters"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.61186\/wjps.12.2.47","article-title":"Local flap reconstruction of burn contractures in extremities and neck: A nine-year experience with long-term outcome evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Jahanabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(94)90019-1","article-title":"Reconstruction of post-burn scar contracture of the neck by expanded skin flaps","volume":"20","author":"Karacaoglan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2015.04.002","article-title":"Strategies for customized neck reconstruction based on the pre-expanded superficial cervical artery flap","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, X., Liu, F., Wang, X., Yang, Q., Wang, S., Zhou, X., Qian, Y., Yang, J., and Levin, L.S. (2015). Region-oriented and staged treatment strategy in reconstruction of severe cervical contracture. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122669"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000257","article-title":"Reconstruction of cervical scar contracture using axial thoracic flap based on the thoracic branch of the supraclavicular artery","volume":"73","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(94)90038-8","article-title":"Management of post-burn contracture of the neck","volume":"20","author":"Nath","year":"1994","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000287272.28417.14","article-title":"The role of free-tissue transfer for head and neck burn reconstruction","volume":"120","author":"Parrett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31816d81e1","article-title":"Aesthetic reconstruction of severe post-burn neck contractures","volume":"61","author":"Perera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2005.12.058","article-title":"The expansile supraclavicular artery flap for release of post-burn neck contractures","volume":"59","author":"Rashid","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.29252\/wjps.10.1.15","article-title":"Supraclavicular artery flap versus skin graft: Which is a better reconstructive tool for managing post-burn contractures in the neck","volume":"10","author":"Saaiq","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"209","article-title":"Free thin anterolateral thigh flap for post-burn neck contractures: A functional and aesthetic solution","volume":"27","author":"Sarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Burn. Fire Disasters"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2014.08.015","article-title":"Neck burn reconstruction with pre-expanded scapular free flaps","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000244843.49596.e5","article-title":"Reconstruction of neck scar contractures using supraclavicular flaps: Retrospective study of 30 cases","volume":"119","author":"Vinh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181a205ba","article-title":"Anatomical and clinical studies of the supraclavicular flap: Analysis of 103 flaps used to reconstruct neck scar contractures","volume":"123","author":"Vinh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e493","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000449","article-title":"Bipedicled superthin free perforator flaps for facial burn scar reconstruction","volume":"3","author":"Vinh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2017.07.020","article-title":"Reconstruction of neck and face scar contractures using occipito-cervico-dorsal supercharged super-thin flaps: A retrospective analysis of 82 cases in Vietnam","volume":"44","author":"Vinh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1361839","article-title":"Pre-expanded thoracodorsal artery perforator-based flaps for repair of severe scarring in cervicofacial regions","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000711","article-title":"The clinical application of preexpanded and prefabricated super-thin skin perforator flap for reconstruction of post-burn neck contracture","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2005.09.024","article-title":"The extra-long artery-pedicled back fascia skin flap for treatment of cervical contractive scar","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e387","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31825882e7","article-title":"Treatment of post-burn anteriorly located neck contractures with local flaps","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2012.01.001","article-title":"Resurfacing large skin defects of the face and neck with expanded subclavicular flaps pedicled by the thoracic branch of the supraclavicular artery","volume":"38","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000245","article-title":"Pre-expanded cervico-acromial fasciocutaneous flap based on the supraclavicular artery for resurfacing post-burn neck scar contractures","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3181cc29e7","article-title":"A treatment strategy for post-burn neck reconstruction: Emphasizing the functional and aesthetic importance of the cervicomental angle","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-017-0074-z","article-title":"Surgical treatment algorithms for post-burn contractures","volume":"5","author":"Hayashida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-4947","article-title":"Surgical treatment of joint burn scar contracture: A 10-year single-center experience with long-term outcome evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2016.08.002","article-title":"Prevalence of scar contractures after burn: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Oosterwijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2017.01.006","article-title":"A systematic review of burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries: Epidemiology in the WHO-defined African region","volume":"7","author":"Rybarczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2907","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002907","article-title":"The effectiveness of burn scar contracture release surgery in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"8","author":"Botman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.70724","article-title":"Post-burn scars and scar contractures","volume":"43","author":"Goel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"152","article-title":"The menace of post-burn contractures: A developing country\u2019s perspective","volume":"25","author":"Saaiq","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Burn. Fire Disasters"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199904010-00015","article-title":"The use of skin grafts in post-burn contracture release: A 10-year review","volume":"103","author":"Iwuagwu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-200301000-00009","article-title":"Multicenter postapproval clinical trial of Integra dermal regeneration template for burn treatment","volume":"24","author":"Heimbach","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-016-0703-0","article-title":"The use of Integra dermal regeneration template versus flaps for reconstruction of full-thickness scalp defects involving the calvaria: A cost-benefit analysis","volume":"40","author":"Schiavon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(95)93866-I","article-title":"Use of an acellular allograft dermal matrix (AlloDerm) in the management of full-thickness burns","volume":"21","author":"Wainwright","year":"1995","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2012.02.008","article-title":"Comparison of five dermal substitutes in full-thickness skin wound healing in a porcine model","volume":"38","author":"Philandrianos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200009010-00014","article-title":"Graft survival and effectiveness of dermal substitution in burns and reconstructive surgery in a one-stage grafting model","volume":"106","author":"Vloemans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4179(00)00076-0","article-title":"Skin substitutes in burns","volume":"27","author":"Sheridan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Burns"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/14\/5583\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:39:29Z","timestamp":1784194769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/14\/5583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15145583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15145583","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]}}}