{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:05:58Z","timestamp":1784610358563,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections remain a major challenge in critically ill patients, particularly when caused by carbapenem-resistant pathogens with limited therapeutic options. Although eravacycline has emerged as a potential salvage agent, real-world data in high-acuity intensive care populations remain scarce. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including adult ICU patients who received eravacycline as salvage therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections between February 2024 and September 2025 in a tertiary-care center. Demographic, clinical, microbiological, and treatment-related variables were extracted from electronic records. Infection complexity was classified as monomicrobial single-site, monomicrobial multi-site, or polymicrobial. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality; secondary outcomes included clinical response, microbiological eradication, and safety. Results: Forty critically ill patients were included (median age 58 years, IQR 47\u201369; mean APACHE II 16.4 \u00b1 6.9; mean SOFA 5.5 \u00b1 3.3). Pulmonary (62.5%) and intra-abdominal (55.0%) infections were most frequent. Klebsiella pneumoniae predominated (75.0%), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (35.0%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.5%). Most patients received combination antimicrobial therapy. Microbiological eradication or presumed eradication was documented in 24 patients (60.0%), yet overall in-hospital mortality remained high (75.0%). Baseline disease severity and persistent inflammatory response were more strongly associated with unfavorable outcomes than treatment timing or duration. Conclusions: In this real-world ICU cohort, eravacycline-based salvage therapy was associated with moderate microbiological response but very high mortality, reflecting the severity of underlying critical illness. The dissociation between microbiological eradication and survival suggests that outcomes are more closely related to host factors and unresolved systemic inflammation than to pathogen clearance alone. Eravacycline remains one of the few agents active against MDR Gram-negative pathogens (with no activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa), frequently used off-label; larger controlled studies are needed to establish efficacy beyond complicated intra-abdominal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15145631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:54:13Z","timestamp":1784534053000},"page":"5631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eravacycline in Critically Ill Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections: A Real-World Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8751-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stelian Adrian","family":"Ritiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelina","family":"Baloi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4065-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius","family":"Papurica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorel","family":"Sandesc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1034-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiana","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5195-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia Elena","family":"Popovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7591-7241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudiu Rafael","family":"Barsac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madalina","family":"Buta\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Botoaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3432-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu Horea","family":"Bedreag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2209","article-title":"International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Anti-infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP)","volume":"39","author":"Tsuji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S565","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz830","article-title":"Treatment Options for Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections","volume":"69","author":"Doi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1029","article-title":"IGNITE4: Results of a Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter, Prospective Trial of Eravacycline vs Meropenem in the Treatment of Complicated Intraabdominal Infections","volume":"69","author":"Solomkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab052","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance during and beyond COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Livermore","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00565-25","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00565-25","article-title":"Eravacycline Use in Immunocompromised Patients: Multicenter Evaluation of Timely versus Late Initiation on Clinical Outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Alosaimy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad500.1760","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad500.1760","article-title":"2137. Real World Experience with Eravacycline for the Treatment of Infections Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16045","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.45","article-title":"Sepsis and Septic Shock","volume":"2","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i2375","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2375","article-title":"Late Mortality after Sepsis: Propensity Matched Cohort Study","volume":"353","author":"Prescott","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06151-x","article-title":"Incidence and Mortality of Hospital- and ICU-Treated Sepsis: Results from an Updated and Expanded Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Mellhammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"56","article-title":"Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression: Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Current Treatment Options","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuelsen, A., Lehman, E., Burrows, P., and Bonavia, A.S. (2024). Time-Dependent Variation in Immunoparalysis Biomarkers among Patients with Sepsis and Critical Illness. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1498974"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Yao, Y., Zhou, J., Diao, X., Chen, H., Cai, K., Ma, X., and Wang, S. (2021). Dynamic APACHE II Score to Predict the Outcome of Intensive Care Unit Patients. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.744907"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y.-C., Invernizzi, J., and Mcizana, T. (2025). Validation of the APACHE-II Scoring System in Critically Ill Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19 and Admitted at a Regional-level Hospital Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Study: A Retrospective Study. South. Afr. J. Crit. Care, e1522.","DOI":"10.7196\/SAJCC.2025.v412.1522"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy313","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy313","article-title":"Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Worldwide Data From the Intensive Care over Nations Audit","volume":"5","author":"Sakr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5644\/ama2006-124.165","article-title":"Predictive Value of SAPS II and APACHE II Scoring Systems for Patient Outcome in Medical Intensive Care Unit","volume":"45","author":"Godinjak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Med. Acad."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redar.2013.11.014","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n de las escalas de APACHE II y SOFA en 2 cohortes de pacientes con sospecha de infecci\u00f3n y sepsis, no ingresados en unidades de cuidados cr\u00edticos","volume":"61","author":"Cerro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Anestesiol. Reanim."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04296-1","article-title":"Treatment for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales Infections: Recent Advances and Future Directions","volume":"40","author":"Tompkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K.-S., Tong, Y.-S., Lee, M.-T., Lin, H.-Y., and Lu, M.-C. (2021). Risk Factors of 30-Day All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Bloodstream Infection. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11070616"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.025","article-title":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Guidelines for the Treatment of Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli (Endorsed by European Society of Intensive Care Medicine)","volume":"28","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa503","article-title":"Ceftazidime\/Avibactam in the Era of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: Experience from a National Registry Study","volume":"76","author":"Karaiskos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00449-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00449-17","article-title":"Multicenter Study of Outcomes with Ceftazidime-Avibactam in Patients with Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections","volume":"61","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05872-y","article-title":"Machine Learning for the Prediction of Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy","volume":"46","author":"Fleuren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24855","article-title":"Study of the Role of C-Reactive Protein\/Procalcitonin Ratio as a Prognostic Tool in ICU Patients with Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"28","author":"Abdellatif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"e70358","article-title":"Role of C-Reactive Protein and Procalcitonin in Early Diagnostic Accuracy and Their Prognostic Significance in Sepsis","volume":"16","author":"Daud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plabm.2024.e00444","article-title":"Comparison of the Accuracy of Procalcitonin, Neutrophil CD64, and C-Reactive Protein for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Septic Patients after Antibiotic Therapy","volume":"43","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pract. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202306-505OC","article-title":"Impact of Reducing Time-to-Antibiotics on Sepsis Mortality, Antibiotic Use, and Adverse Events","volume":"21","author":"Donnelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-024-01261-x","article-title":"Long-Stay ICU Patients with Frailty: Mortality and Recovery Outcomes at 6 Months","volume":"14","author":"Wozniak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07518-0","article-title":"Frailty Is Crucial in FORECASTing Outcomes in Critical Care","volume":"50","author":"Ferrante","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.4237","article-title":"Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Eravacycline vs Ertapenem in Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections in the Investigating Gram-Negative Infections Treated With Eravacycline (IGNITE 1) Trial: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"152","author":"Solomkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.08.15","article-title":"Eravacycline for Treatment of Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections: The Fire Is Not Ignited!","volume":"5","author":"Honore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Yi, Q., Zhou, M., Lu, M., and Xu, Y. (2026). Real-World Effectiveness and Predictors of Treatment Failure for Eravacycline in Patients with Acinetobacter baumannii or Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1746200"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz522","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz522","article-title":"Real-World Experience With Ceftazidime-Avibactam for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections","volume":"6","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac049","article-title":"Impact of Ceftazidime\/Avibactam versus Best Available Therapy on Mortality from Infections Caused by Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales (CAVICOR Study)","volume":"77","author":"Cano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alwazzeh, M.J., Algazaq, J., Al-Salem, F.A., Alabkari, F., Alwarthan, S.M., Alhajri, M., AlShehail, B.M., Alnimr, A., Alrefaai, A.W., and Alsaihati, F.H. (2025). Mortality and Clinical Outcomes of Colistin versus Colistin-Based Combination Therapy for Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii in Critically Ill Patients. BMC Infect. Dis., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10781-1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.10.005","article-title":"Colistin Therapy for Microbiologically Documented Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 258 Patients","volume":"35","author":"Falagas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403520","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3403520","article-title":"A Comparative Study of High-Dose Colistin Administration for the Management of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections in the ICU","volume":"2020","author":"Ghazaeian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/14\/5631\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:31:33Z","timestamp":1784608293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/14\/5631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15145631"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15145631","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]}}}