{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:58:05Z","timestamp":1785430685628,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chungnam National University Research Fund"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to investigate the association of contrast extravasation (EV) detected on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) with the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 51 patients with PPH who underwent CE-CT between August 2013 and July 2024. Patients were classified into EV (\u2212) group (n = 28) and EV (+) group (n = 23). Baseline characteristics, management strategies, and clinical outcomes were compared. Results: The proportion of patients with a shock index (SI) \u2265 1.0 was significantly higher in the EV (+) group (10.7% vs. 39.1%, p = 0.017). Surgical intervention was more frequently required in the EV (+) group (10.7% vs. 56.5%, p = 0.001), whereas conservative management alone was more frequently successful in the EV (\u2212) group (89.3% vs. 43.5%, p = 0.001). The EV (+) group showed higher rates of massive blood loss (&gt; 2000 mL, 3.6% vs. 34.8%, p = 0.009), longer hospital stays (4.61 \u00b1 2.61 vs. 6.88 \u00b1 3.78 days, p = 0.034), and more frequent intensive care unit (ICU) admission (10.7% vs. 34.8%, p = 0.039). Patients in the EV (+) group had higher transfusion requirements (p &lt; 0.005) and increased rates of disseminated intravascular coagulation (7.1% vs. 30.4%, p = 0.032). Conclusions: The presence of EV on CE-CT in PPH was associated with more severe clinical features, including greater transfusion requirements, increased rates of surgical intervention, ICU admission, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Additionally, a higher proportion of patients with EV had a shock index \u2265 1.0, indicating early hemodynamic compromise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15145642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:54:13Z","timestamp":1784534053000},"page":"5642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography on the Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage with Extravasation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Suk Hwan","family":"Hyun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5037-3225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung Hun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8766-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hae Ri","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye Won","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5728-250X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won Kyo","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Youn","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Sung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Bok","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon Jin","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeo Kyeong","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heon Jong","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2022.11.001","article-title":"Epidemiology and definition of PPH worldwide","volume":"36","author":"Blaha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/14\/5642\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T08:12:49Z","timestamp":1784535169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/14\/5642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15145642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15145642","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]}}}