{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:24:12Z","timestamp":1785435852344,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CMRPG1M0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG1M0101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CMRPG1M0102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG1M0102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CMRPG1M0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG1M0101"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zfaen51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CMRPG1M0102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG1M0102"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zfaen51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a life-threatening condition often underdiagnosed in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). While bariatric surgery induces weight loss, it does not immediately resolve upper airway obstruction. We investigated the feasibility and clinical predictors of a novel transdisciplinary approach\u2014Combined Airway and Bariatric Surgery (CABS)\u2014in treating OHS. Methods: This prospective observational cohort study (December 2022\u2013November 2024) recruited 36 adults with obesity (body mass index [BMI] \u2265 30 kg\/m2) and OSA (apnea\u2013hypopnea index [AHI] \u2265 5 events\/h). OHS was diagnosed by daytime hypercapnia (PaCO2 \u2265 45 mmHg) after excluding other causes of hypoventilation. Participants received CABS or positive airway pressure therapy via shared decision-making. Primary outcomes included changes in AHI, BMI, PaCO2, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Results: Nine of 36 individuals (25%) had OHS. Multivariate logistic regression identified BMI and ESS as significant predictors. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed high OHS prediction with BMI \u2265 35.5 kg\/m2 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.85), ESS \u2265 12 (AUC = 0.72), and a novel OHS prediction score &gt; 20 (AUC = 0.94). Among 6 OHS patients who underwent CABS, one-year follow-up showed significant improvements: AHI decreased from 98.1 to 26.8 events\/h, BMI from 40.1 to 29.1 kg\/m2, and PaCO2 from 50.2 to 37.9 mmHg (all p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: OHS was present in one-quarter of individuals with obesity and OSA in this cohort. CABS was feasible and associated with encouraging improvements in sleep-disordered breathing, ventilatory status, and weight among selected patients. These preliminary findings support further evaluation of this transdisciplinary strategy in larger, comparative studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15145679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:44:02Z","timestamp":1784544242000},"page":"5679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined Airway and Bariatric Surgery for Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome: Feasibility and Early Outcomes\u2014A Prospective Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9016-8098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsueh-Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Linkou Main Branch, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Pang","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Linkou Main Branch, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9314-5940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Shao","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keng-Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Linkou Main Branch, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3783-6699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Wei","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Linkou Main Branch, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Nuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8414-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Ang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Linkou Main Branch, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Life Science and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/annalsats\/aaoag083","article-title":"Deciphering obesity hypoventilation syndrome complexity to better predict outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Baillieul","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-026-03686-z","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid Insomnia and sleep apnoea (COMISA) in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Pihtili","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/ajrccm\/aamag112","article-title":"Real world challenges: Effectiveness of automatically adjusted noninvasive ventilation in obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"212","author":"So","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.2015.1797","article-title":"The predictors of obesity hypoventilation syndrome in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"34","author":"Pihtili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Balk. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03733","article-title":"Clinical predictors of obesity hypoventilation syndrome in obese subjects with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"60","author":"Bingol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcdt.2016.12.009","article-title":"Predictors of early diagnosis of obesity hypoventilation syndrome among patients with sleep disordered breathing","volume":"66","author":"Elsayed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chest Dis. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180097","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0097-2018","article-title":"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Masa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-026-03744-6","article-title":"Nocturnal hypoxemic burden in obesity hypoventilation syndrome compared to obstructive sleep apnea: A case-control study","volume":"30","author":"Alahmadi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zpae033","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpae033","article-title":"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, literature review","volume":"5","author":"Diaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.01.008","article-title":"Effect of different modes of positive airway pressure treatment on obesity hypoventilation syndrome: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201905-1071ST","article-title":"Evaluation and management of obesity hypoventilation syndrome. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"200","author":"Mokhlesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nithya, M., Titiyal, R., Ajayababu, A., Lal, B.M., Sinha, A., Vyas, S., Aggarwal, S., Wiemken, A., Schwab, R.J., and Nokes, B. (2026). Changes in upper airway anatomy and apnea-hypopnea index in patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing bariatric surgery: A pilot study. J. Clin. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15114038"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.C., Liu, K.H., Lee, L.A., Chuang, L.P., Lin, Y.S., Hsin, L.J., Lin, W.N., Chiang, Y.T., Cheng, W.N., and Li, H.Y. (2022). Combined airway and bariatric surgery (CABS) for obstructive sleep apnea patients with morbid obesity: A comprehensive alternative preliminary study. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237078"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1191","article-title":"The 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and consent","volume":"115","author":"Shephard","year":"1976","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"100081","article-title":"Revised Strengthening the reporting of cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies in surgery (STROCSS) Guideline: An update for the age of Artificial Intelligence","volume":"10","author":"Agha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prem. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602426","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02426-2016","article-title":"Official ERS\/ATS clinical practice guidelines: Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure","volume":"50","author":"Rochwerg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Mirabile, V.S., Shebl, E., Sankari, A., and Burns, B. (2023). Respiratory Failure in Adults, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.04.008","article-title":"Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity","volume":"196","author":"Moy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200010000-00007","article-title":"Outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity","volume":"232","author":"Schauer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W.Y., Chang, S.C., Hsu, J.T., Yeh, T.S., and Liu, K.H. (2022). Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: A retrospective study. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12111795"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.12.1537","article-title":"Prediction of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty outcome: Anatomy-based staging system versus severity-based staging system","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"41","article-title":"Updated Friedman staging system for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"80","author":"Friedman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000737","article-title":"Holistic care for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with an emphasis on restoring nasal breathing: A review and perspective","volume":"85","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2018.08.016","article-title":"Prediction of tongue obstruction observed from drug induced sleep computed tomography by cephalometric parameters","volume":"46","author":"Mittal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2022.11.001","article-title":"Palatal hybrid surgery for obstructive sleep apnea-state-of-the-art annotation of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1633-8","article-title":"Drug-induced sleep endoscopy: The VOTE classification","volume":"268","author":"Kezirian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30629","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30629","article-title":"Snoring sounds predict obstruction sites and surgical response in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2019.02.002","article-title":"Intrapharyngeal surgery with integrated treatment for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3475-7","article-title":"Coblation endoscopic lingual lightening (CELL) for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"273","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599818800288","article-title":"Drug-induced sleep computed tomography-directed upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea: A Pilot Study","volume":"160","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64032-1.00025-4","article-title":"Polysomnography","volume":"Volume 160","author":"Rundo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101499","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01499-2021","article-title":"ERS\/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests","volume":"60","author":"Stanojevic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4824-y","article-title":"Understanding blood gas analysis","volume":"44","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02015-2","article-title":"Clinical utility of the Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"24","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.17","article-title":"Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Eval. Health Prof."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200410135","article-title":"Estimation of the Youden Index and its associated cutoff point","volume":"47","author":"Fluss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biom. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y.A., Wang, C.J., Chiang, Y.T., and Li, H.Y. (2022). Volumetric changes after coblation ablation tongue (CAT) in obstructive sleep apnea patients. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11144186"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93168","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21450","article-title":"The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and obesity hypoventilation syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2014.05.007","article-title":"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome epidemiology and diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Balachandran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.1.212","article-title":"Cephalometric analysis in obese and nonobese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"124","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.45.1747","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of obesity-hypoventilation syndrome in Japan: A multi-center study","volume":"45","author":"Akashiba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0673","article-title":"Daytime hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Kawata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.21608\/mjmr.2022.152025.1142","article-title":"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Prevalence, demographic and clinical characteristics","volume":"33","author":"Emam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minia J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0615","article-title":"Determinants of hypercapnia in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and metaanalysis of cohort studies","volume":"136","author":"Kaw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1506331","article-title":"The effect of obesity on lung function","volume":"12","author":"Dixon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-016-9831-y","article-title":"Obesity is associated with decreased lung compliance and hypercapnia during robotic assisted surgery","volume":"31","author":"Tomescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.02124.x","article-title":"Work of breathing and respiratory drive in obesity","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.12.048","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-related metabolic dysfunction","volume":"152","author":"Bouter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"00019","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and obesity: Implications for public health","volume":"1","author":"Jehan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.58928","article-title":"Obesity and inflammation: The linking mechanism and the complications","volume":"13","author":"Ellulu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2986","article-title":"Diagnostic predictors of obesity-hypoventilation syndrome in patients suspected of having sleep disordered breathing","volume":"9","author":"Macavei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-006-0092-8","article-title":"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: Prevalence and predictors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"11","author":"Mokhlesi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202002-135OC","article-title":"Elucidating predictors of obesity hypoventilation syndrome in a large bariatric surgery cohort","volume":"17","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Sun, J., Chen, X., Yu, Y., Liu, X., and Liu, C. (2014). The application of transcutaneous CO2 pressure monitoring in the anesthesia of obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091563"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2021.08.012","article-title":"The Overlap of obesity-hypoventilation syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea: How to treat?","volume":"58","author":"Neborak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7085","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000007085","article-title":"Considerations for the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 medications for obesity in a plastic surgery setting","volume":"13","author":"Schumacher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2025-00396","article-title":"Guideline for the Management of obesity in adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"229","article-title":"Screening for obesity hypoventilation syndrome in bariatric patients","volume":"56","author":"Palmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-3216","article-title":"Postoperative complications in patients with unrecognized obesity hypoventilation syndrome undergoing elective noncardiac surgery","volume":"149","author":"Kaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0681","article-title":"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: Weighing in on therapy options","volume":"149","author":"Piper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.11750","article-title":"Impact of bariatric surgery on the resolution of obesity hypoventilation syndrome at 1-year follow-up: A retrospective study","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201907-554OC","article-title":"Weight loss interventions as treatment of obesity hypoventilation syndrome. A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Kakazu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27233","article-title":"Persistence of obstructive sleep apnea after surgical weight loss","volume":"4","author":"Lettieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.opresp.2025.100477","article-title":"Challenges in the treatment of obesity hypoventilation syndrome with persistent nocturnal hypoxemia: CPAP vs. NIV","volume":"7","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Respir. Arch."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70171","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.70171","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in obesity-induced respiratory pathophysiology","volume":"242","author":"Ruiz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/14\/5679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:26:46Z","timestamp":1784694406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/14\/5679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15145679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15145679","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]}}}