{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:03:58Z","timestamp":1784891038826,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Invasive coronary angiography has historically been the reference standard for coronary, valvular, and structural heart disease. Over the past decade, coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), CT-derived fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR), photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCCT), and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) have expanded the range of clinical questions answerable without an intra-arterial catheter, but this shift has been uneven across clinical domains. Methods: We performed a narrative review and synthesis of randomized trials, registries, society guidelines, and consensus documents (2009\u20132026) identified through PubMed and major cardiovascular guideline databases, written from a joint cardiology and cardiac-surgical standpoint. Results: The boundary has shifted asymmetrically, by which we mean a domain-dependent rather than uniform displacement of invasive angiography. Non-invasive imaging is now established as the first-line approach for stable chest pain at low-to-moderate pretest probability, for pre-transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and structural procedural planning, and for aortic disease. It remains contested for stable multivessel disease and pre-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) planning, where CCTA- or CT-FFR-only planning is still investigational. Invasive angiography stays first-line for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock, and complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), where diagnosis and therapy are inseparable. Conclusions: Invasive and non-invasive modalities are complementary rather than competing. The appropriate first-line investigation depends on the disease domain, pretest probability, anatomical complexity, imaging quality, and whether diagnosis and treatment can be separated. We propose a complexity-stratified, heart-team framework and identify the surgical research gaps that remain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15145723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:17:52Z","timestamp":1784647072000},"page":"5723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Shifting Boundary Between Invasive and Non-Invasive Angiographic Investigation in Contemporary Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery: An Up-to-Date Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9855-4850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2250-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Royse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Outcomes Research, University of Texas Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9684-888X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Western Health, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dion","family":"Stub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garry W.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason E.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1319-1390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Fruehwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilesh","family":"Srivastav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 112412, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4449-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alistair","family":"Royse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(95)90055-1","article-title":"The history of interventional cardiology: Cardiac catheterization, angioplasty, and related interventions","volume":"129","author":"Mueller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. 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