{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:05:30Z","timestamp":1792019130669,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Menopause is a complex physiological transition characterized by progressive estrogen deficiency and systemic biological changes that can affect multiple organs and tissues, including the oral cavity. Growing evidence suggests that hormonal fluctuations during the menopausal transition may influence periodontal health, salivary function, oral sensory perception, and overall oral health-related quality of life. Objective: This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the biological mechanisms and clinical manifestations associated with the relationship between menopause and oral health, with particular attention to periodontal outcomes, salivary changes, oral discomfort, dental status, and the potential role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Methods: This narrative review was based on a structured literature search conducted in PubMed\/MEDLINE and Scopus to identify studies published between January 2005 and May 2026. Predefined eligibility criteria were applied to identify relevant human studies. The retrieved evidence was synthesized narratively according to major oral health domains and menopausal phenotypes. Results: Fifty studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, menopause was associated with poorer periodontal parameters, including increased probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and periodontal inflammation. Reduced salivary flow, dry mouth, altered salivary composition, burning symptoms, and taste disturbances were frequently reported in peri- and postmenopausal women. A higher prevalence of caries and tooth loss was also reported, although the contribution of age and other confounding factors varied across studies. New evidence suggests that estrogen deficiency may influence oral health through interconnected pathways involving immune regulation, bone metabolism, salivary gland function, and host\u2013microbiome interactions. Evidence regarding the effects of HRT has been mixed, although several studies have reported improvements in salivary function and periodontal outcomes among treated women. Conclusions: Menopause appears to act as an important systemic modifier of oral health through multifactorial biological mechanisms. Menopause-associated oral manifestations go beyond local tissue changes and reflect broader interactions between hormonal status, inflammation, bone metabolism, and microbial ecology. Increased awareness among dental and medical professionals and a multidisciplinary approach could improve the prevention, diagnosis, and management of oral diseases in postmenopausal women. Further, well-designed longitudinal studies are needed to clarify causal relationships and identify effective therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15155757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:11:26Z","timestamp":1784797886000},"page":"5757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral Health Across the Menopausal Transition: Biological Pathways, Clinical Implications, and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2457-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Butera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dental Hygiene, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"SISIO (Italian Society of Oral Hygiene Sciences), 00166 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1610-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Maiorani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dental Hygiene, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2760-0124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Scribante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dental Hygiene, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"SISIO (Italian Society of Oral Hygiene Sciences), 00166 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1602-1562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruggero","family":"Rodriguez y Baena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dental Hygiene, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cucinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS S. Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia E.","family":"Parrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS S. Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5216-9882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella Elena","family":"Nappi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS S. Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Oral manifestation and its management in postmenopausal women: An integrated review","volume":"19","author":"Sen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prz. Menopauzalny"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"135","article-title":"Menopause and Oral Health: Clinical Implications and Preventive Strategies","volume":"15","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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