{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:08:54Z","timestamp":1784830134403,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Sleep disturbances are increasingly implicated in age-related cognitive decline and may contribute to heterogeneity in cognitive and social\u2013cognitive functioning in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether longitudinal actigraphy-derived sleep parameters predict social cognition, including theory of mind (ToM), across amnestic (aMCI) and non-amnestic (naMCI) MCI subtypes. This study examined longitudinal trajectories of cognitive control and ToM in individuals with aMCI and naMCI and healthy older adults, and investigated whether actigraphy-derived sleep indices prospectively predict subsequent cognitive control and higher-order social cognition across these groups. Methods: A total of 179 participants (46 healthy controls, 75 aMCI, 58 naMCI) were assessed across three waves over approximately 16\u201320 months. Actigraphy-derived sleep indices were obtained using wrist actigraphy. Cognitive control was assessed with Delis\u2013Kaplan Executive Function System subtests, whereas ToM was evaluated through tasks involving non-literal language comprehension, metaphor and proverb interpretation, higher-order mentalizing, and emotion recognition. Longitudinal trajectories were examined using mixed-design ANOVAs, and prospective sleep effects were tested using longitudinal path models. Results: Both cognitive control and ToM declined over time in the MCI groups, whereas healthy controls showed relative stability. Subtype differences in cognitive control emerged primarily in higher-order planning and rule-monitoring processes, with naMCI showing greater impairment. ToM revealed a clearer and more consistent gradient (healthy controls &gt; aMCI &gt; naMCI), particularly in higher-order inferential tasks. Among the actigraphy-derived sleep indices, only TST prospectively predicted later ToM performance, whereas prospective associations with cognitive control were limited and inconsistent. Conclusions: Reduced sleep duration was prospectively associated with poorer subsequent performance in higher-order social cognition, independently of the executive-control measures examined. These findings highlight phenotypic heterogeneity across MCI subtypes and suggest that objectively measured sleep duration may serve as a clinically relevant longitudinal marker of social\u2013cognitive vulnerability. Future studies are needed to determine whether interventions targeting sleep duration are associated with improved social\u2013cognitive outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15155780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:13:17Z","timestamp":1784826797000},"page":"5780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal Trajectories of Cognitive Control and Theory of Mind in Amnestic and Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: Prospective Associations of Objective Sleep Duration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5501-2779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areti","family":"Batzikosta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balcan Center, Buildings A & B, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2072-8010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Tsolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balcan Center, Buildings A & B, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Greek Association of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), Petrou Sindika 13 Str., 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7121-6253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paschalis","family":"Steiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Papantoniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balcan Center, Buildings A & B, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2036-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioanna Giannoula","family":"Katsouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0380-2220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Sofologi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Neapolis University Pafos, 8042 Pafos, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3809-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glykeria","family":"Tsentidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balcan Center, Buildings A & B, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3486-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Voulgaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9729-4743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stave","family":"Vergopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arts and Humanities, School of Humanities, Social and Educational Sciences, European University of Cyprus (EUC), 6 Diogenes 2404 Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6533-1391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos I.","family":"Bougioukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0527-7143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despina","family":"Moraitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balcan Center, Buildings A & B, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e84232","article-title":"The role of sleep and the effects of sleep loss on cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes","volume":"17","author":"Hyndych","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106723","article-title":"A comprehensive model for the converging biologies that underpin the homeostatic sleep signal","volume":"134","author":"Fernandez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and cognitive decline in older adults: A narrative review","volume":"23","author":"Koutsimani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hell. 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