{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:48:11Z","timestamp":1785422891588,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R155-2013-14070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R155-2013-14070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R155-2013-14070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R155-2013-14070"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03hz8wd80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007437","name":"Tryg foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["7-11-0213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-11-0213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007437","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007437","name":"Tryg foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["117548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["117548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007437","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005860","name":"Helsefonden","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["nr 22-B-0583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nr 22-B-0583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005860","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["nr 22-B-0583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nr 22-B-0583"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mb6z682","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Functional somatic disorder (FSD) is prevalent, but pathological pathways have not yet been identified. Cross-sectional studies suggest an association between FSD and lipid and glucose metabolism. The aim of the present prospective study was to assess whether metabolic factors represent possible risk factors for development of FSD. Methods: A population-based cohort of 9656 men and women aged 18\u201376 years was established in 2011\u20132015, and 5738 participated in a re-examination after a median of 65 months. At both baseline and follow-up, participants answered questionnaires on lifestyle and various delimitations of FSD including bodily distress syndrome (BDS), chronic fatigue (CF), chronic widespread pain (CWP), irritable bowel (IB), and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). Fasting values of cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and insulin resistance were assessed at baseline and analyzed in relation to incidence of FSD using logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, lipid- and glucose-lowering medications, obesity, social status, lifestyle, and sleep quality. Results: Several small, although significant, effects were observed. Lower levels of cholesterol were associated with development of BDS (OR: 0.982 (95% CI: 0.971\u20130.993)), CF (OR: 0.980 (95% CI: 0.964\u20130.996)), and CWP without co-morbid FSS among men. Higher levels of triglycerides were associated with development of CF (OR: 1.022 (95% CI: 1.003\u20131.041)). Glucose and HbA1c levels were not associated with development of FSD. Insulin and HOMA-IR levels were associated with development of CF in a non-linear relation, being negative at lower levels and changing to a positive relation at higher levels. Conclusions: More large-scale cohort studies are necessary to explore whether metabolism could play a role in the pathological pathway of FSD as indicated in the present study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15155793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T07:36:13Z","timestamp":1784878573000},"page":"5793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insulin, Glucose and Lipid Biomarkers as Possible Risk Factors for Functional Somatic Disorder: A Five-Year Follow-Up of the DanFunD Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Torben","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2013Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4677-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikke Kart","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2013Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sine Wanda","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Holb\u00e6k Hospital, 4300 Holb\u00e6k, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8141-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Weinreich","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0628-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Ahrendt","family":"Bjerregaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2013Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise Kirstine","family":"Gormsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5086-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina Birgitte Wisbech","family":"Carstensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0206-8581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Signe Ulfbeck","family":"Schovsbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2013Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1722-8269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Line Lund","family":"K\u00e5rhus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2013Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas Rye","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Translational Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0994-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan","family":"Linneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2013Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7437-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Meinertz","family":"Dantoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2013Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burton, C., Fink, P., Henningsen, P., Lowe, B., Rief, W., and Group, E.-S. 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