{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:24:04Z","timestamp":1785425044191,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2016R1C1B1008101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1C1B1008101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NRF-2016R1C1B1008101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1C1B1008101"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cognitive impairment can weaken self-management competency in heart failure (HF) patients. This study estimated domain-specific cognitive impairment prevalence using actuarial criteria and identified latent cognitive profiles among Korean HF outpatients. Methods: Using a previously collected cross-sectional dataset of 106 HF outpatients, cognitive function was assessed with the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery-II. Actuarial criteria determined domain-specific impairment, and latent profile analysis (LPA) derived cognitive profiles based on domain composite z-scores. Results: Any cognitive impairment (\u22651 impaired domain) was present in 32.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.0\u201341.5%), most frequently affecting executive function (17.9%) and memory (15.1%). LPA identified three exploratory profiles: relatively preserved (30.2%), memory-vulnerable (45.3%), and globally vulnerable (24.5%). In exploratory models, anxiety symptoms were associated with higher odds of memory-vulnerable profile membership (odds ratio [OR] = 2.81, 95% CI, 1.03\u20137.64) and overall vulnerability in a Firth penalized analysis (OR = 3.39, 95% CI, 1.46\u20138.11), whereas depressive symptoms showed no significant association. No associations remained statistically significant after false discovery rate correction. Conclusions: Cognitive vulnerability in HF outpatients is phenotypically heterogeneous and showed a possible, unconfirmed association with anxiety symptoms that did not remain statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Outpatient HF care planning may benefit from considering both domain-specific deficits and latent cognitive profile patterns; however, these exploratory findings require validation in larger cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15155888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:52:01Z","timestamp":1785228721000},"page":"5888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and Latent Profiles of Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Heart Failure: A Secondary Data Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4890-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Hyoung","family":"Bae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joonhan","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-320131","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and survival of heart failure: A systematic review","volume":"108","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2022417","article-title":"Decreasing 30-day readmission rates in patients with heart failure","volume":"42","author":"Rizzuto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. 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