{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:01:07Z","timestamp":1785243667460,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study investigated the comorbidity between temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and migraine, distinguishing episodic migraine (EM) from chronic migraine (CM), and examined whether TMD presence in migraine patients is associated with more severe clinical or psychological features. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of 120 participants was evaluated, including 40 headache-free controls, 40 EM patients, and 40 CM patients. Demographic and clinical information was obtained through structured interviews. Participants completed the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), State-Trait Depression Questionnaire (ST-DEP), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Prevalence ratios (PR) analyzed the association between TMD and migraine and between TMD and migraine subtypes. Among migraine patients, headache frequency, medication use, headache impact, anxiety\/depression symptoms, and sleep quality were compared between those with and without TMD. Results: TMD was significantly more common in migraine patients compared to controls (78.8% vs. 20.0%; PR = 3.94; 95% CI: 2.10\u20137.40). CM patients also showed a higher TMD prevalence than EM patients (95.0% vs. 62.5%; PR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.18\u20131.95). Myalgia-related and mixed TMD were the most frequent subtypes. Migraine patients with TMD had increased headache frequency and higher acute medication intake compared to those without TMD. However, the presence of TMD was not associated with greater headache impact, anxiety, depression, or poorer sleep quality. Conclusions: Patients with migraine are almost four times more likely to present with TMD than individuals without headache, with an even stronger association observed in CM. Although TMD is associated with a greater headache burden, our findings suggest that it may not be accompanied by worse psychological or sleep outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15155889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:45:26Z","timestamp":1785239126000},"page":"5889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comorbidity of Temporomandibular Disorders, Anxiety, Depression, and Poor Sleep Quality in Episodic and Chronic Migraine: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7310-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gema","family":"Torrijos-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, 28691 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3290-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidiane L.","family":"Florencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Alto Rendimiento en Evaluaci\u00f3n Multidimensional y Tratamiento del Dolor Cr\u00f3nico, Department of Physiotherapy, Ocupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8246-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Luz","family":"Cuadrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Ardizone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7034-682X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Porta-Etessam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, 28691 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2595-177X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana Mar\u00eda Ramos","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14049-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-02192-z","article-title":"GBD 2023: Over twice the health loss from headache disorders among females compared with males, and one fifth of the loss is attributable to medication overuse","volume":"26","author":"Steiner","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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