{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T09:03:17Z","timestamp":1785488597590,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yozgat Bozok University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["THD-2026-2043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["THD-2026-2043"]}]},{"name":"Yozgat Bozok University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["TED-2026-2359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED-2026-2359"]}]},{"award":["THD-2026-2043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["THD-2026-2043"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qvdf239","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TED-2026-2359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED-2026-2359"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qvdf239","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy. Vitamin D has been implicated in glucose metabolism; however, its association with GDM remains controversial. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and GDM in pregnant women referred for diagnostic 100 g oral glucose tolerance testing following a positive 50 g glucose challenge test. Methods: This retrospective study included 92 pregnant women (44 with GDM and 48 without GDM) who underwent diagnostic 100 g oral glucose tolerance testing between January 2016 and June 2025 at a tertiary-care hospital. Demographic characteristics and biochemical parameters, including serum 25(OH)D concentrations, were obtained from medical records. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with GDM. Results: Women with GDM were significantly older than those without GDM (37.55 \u00b1 6.06 vs. 29.21 \u00b1 4.29 years, p &lt; 0.001) and had lower serum vitamin D concentrations (14.08 \u00b1 9.88 vs. 19.06 \u00b1 10.30 ng\/mL, p = 0.003). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, advanced maternal age (OR 1.404, 95% CI 1.217\u20131.620; p &lt; 0.001) and lower serum vitamin D concentrations (OR 0.933, 95% CI 0.880\u20130.989; p = 0.020) were independently associated with GDM. Conclusion: Lower maternal serum 25(OH)D concentrations were independently associated with GDM in women referred for diagnostic 100 g oral glucose tolerance testing. These findings should be interpreted as observational and hypothesis-generating. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15155977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:20:18Z","timestamp":1785486018000},"page":"5977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Women Undergoing Diagnostic 100-g Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"Karakaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6586-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6khan Do\u011fukan","family":"Akarsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylan","family":"Onat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sincan Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06949, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rukiye","family":"H\u00f6bek Akarsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102420","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with recurrent gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Nabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moradkhani, A., Azami, M., Mohammadzadeh, P., Baradaran, H.R., Saed, L., Asvad, K., Kakaei, R., Khateri, S., Moradpour, F., and Moradi, Y. (2025). The prevalence of all types of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the Eastern Mediterranean countries: A meta-analysis study. BMC Endocr. Disord., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-01959-4"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101294","article-title":"The life course perspective of gestational diabetes: An opportunity for the prevention of diabetes and heart disease in women","volume":"45","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045","volume":"138","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.10.001","article-title":"A prospective study of prepregnancy serum concentrations of perfluorochemicals and the risk of gestational diabetes","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.08.004","article-title":"The offspring of the diabetic mother\u2013short-and long-term implications","volume":"29","author":"Mitanchez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-020-00322-4","article-title":"Role of vitamins in skin health: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Dattola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000486083","article-title":"Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus","volume":"50","author":"Maddaloni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zhou, M., Yan, H., Chen, J., Wang, Y., and Mo, X. (2022). Association of serum total 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancies-specific mortality in patients with hyperlipidemia in the United States. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.971720"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khademi, Z., Hamedi-Shahraki, S., and Amirkhizi, F. (2022). Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with inflammation and deregulation of adipokines in patients with metabolic syndrome. BMC Endocr. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01141-0"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u0142ynarska, E., Lisi\u0144ska, W., Hossa, K., Krupi\u0144ska, N., Jakubowska, P., Rysz, J., and Franczyk, B. (2025). Vitamin D and chronic disorders: A review of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18101467"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argano, C., Mallaci Bocchio, R., Lo Monaco, M., Scibetta, S., Natoli, G., Cavezzi, A., Troiani, E., and Corrao, S. (2022). An overview of systematic reviews of the role of vitamin D on inflammation in patients with diabetes and the potentiality of its application on diabetic patients with COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052873"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5093551","article-title":"Vitamin D intake and risk of type 1 diabetes: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0962","article-title":"Blood 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and incident type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.193003","article-title":"Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study and metaanalysis","volume":"59","author":"Afzal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2017.04.019","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plows, J.F., Stanley, J.L., Baker, P.N., Reynolds, C.M., and Vickers, M.H. (2018). The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002160","article-title":"Molecular biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus and postpartum diabetes","volume":"135","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2024). 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: Standards of care in diabetes\u20142024. Diabetes Care, 47, S20\u2013S42.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S002"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2024.0536","article-title":"The Impact of Obesity on the Association between Parity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"49","author":"Gen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.005","article-title":"Higher parity is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women: A linear dose\u2013response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13940","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13940","article-title":"Platelets and endothelial dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"237","author":"Valero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.04.003","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with in vivo platelet activation and platelet hyperreactivity","volume":"232","author":"Guglielmini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2021.1926542","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and inflammatory biomarkers of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Hessami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasser, A., Papandreou, D., Papadopoulou, S.K., and Cheikh Ismail, L. (2025). The role of vitamin D supplementation in type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes: A comprehensive updated narrative review. Clin. Pract., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract15080148"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2896","article-title":"Frequency of Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnancies with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"32","author":"Nayab","year":"2025","journal-title":"TPM\u2014Test. Psychom. Methodol. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"529","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between vitamin D and gestational diabetes in patients","volume":"11","author":"Ariana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Anesthesiol. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.03.037","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"40","author":"Milajerdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y., Ainiwan, D., Huang, Y., Zhang, L., Cheng, H., Alifu, X., Zhou, H., Xv, N., Wang, B., and Wang, S. (2024). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D binding protein and gestational diabetes mellitus: A Two-Sample Mendelian randomization study. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162603"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.156113","article-title":"Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and co-agonists on body composition: Systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"164","author":"Karakasis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980026101906","article-title":"Vitamin D status during pregnancy modulates the effect of pre-pregnancy obesity on gestational diabetes mellitus risk: A birth cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Ziyab","year":"2026","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, S., Jena, S.K., Singh, S., and Mangaraj, M. (2025). Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Perinatal Outcomes Among Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Having Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Obstet. Gynecol. India, 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-025-02290-7"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.463","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness","volume":"26","author":"Hollis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-012-9607-4","article-title":"Vitamin D and pregnancy: Skeletal effects, nonskeletal effects, and birth outcomes","volume":"92","author":"Hollis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12751","article-title":"Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnancy and its correlation with feto-maternal outcome","volume":"83","author":"Sablok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00109","article-title":"Effectiveness of prenatal vitamin D deficiency screening and treatment program: A stratified randomized field trial","volume":"103","author":"Rostami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/15\/5977\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:49:12Z","timestamp":1785487752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/15\/5977"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15155977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15155977","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}