{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:52:58Z","timestamp":1785919978388,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To evaluate anatomical and functional outcomes following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for traumatic macular hole (TMH), investigate optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based prognostic factors, and compare outcomes between flap-based and non-flap internal limiting membrane (ILM) techniques. Methods: This retrospective consecutive case series included 33 eyes of 33 patients undergoing PPV for TMH between January 2017 and June 2024 at a tertiary referral center. Preoperative spectral-domain OCT parameters, including minimum linear diameter (MLD), basal diameter (BD), hole height (HH), intraretinal cysts, subretinal fluid, epiretinal membrane, and ellipsoid zone disruption, were evaluated. Anatomical closure and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) outcomes were analyzed. Results: The mean patient age was 28.7 \u00b1 15.0 years, and blunt trauma accounted for 87.9% of cases. Median trauma-to-surgery interval was 10 weeks (IQR: 4\u201324 weeks). Mean BCVA improved significantly from 1.34 \u00b1 0.54 logMAR preoperatively to 0.95 \u00b1 0.59 logMAR postoperatively (p = 0.004). Single-surgery anatomical closure was achieved in 28 of 33 eyes (84.8%). Larger MLD and BD were significantly associated with poorer final BCVA, whereas greater HH was associated with successful anatomical closure. Flap-assisted techniques achieved higher closure rates compared with conventional ILM peeling (95.8% vs. 55.6%, p = 0.013). Conclusions: PPV for TMH was associated with favorable anatomical and functional outcomes. Larger hole dimensions were associated with poorer visual prognosis, whereas greater HH was associated with anatomical closure. Flap-assisted ILM techniques may improve anatomical success in TMH surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15156040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:16:27Z","timestamp":1785766587000},"page":"6040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anatomical Outcomes of Traumatic Macular Hole Surgery: Role of OCT Parameters and ILM Flap Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3783-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sehnaz","family":"Ozcaliskan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34421, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4280-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Ozbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34421, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Korkmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34421, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Arici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34421, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5837832","article-title":"Traumatic Macular Hole: Diagnosis, Natural History, and Management","volume":"2019","author":"Budoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2016.1175021","article-title":"Management Modalities for Traumatic Macular Hole: A Systematic Review and Single-Arm Meta-Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"3917696","article-title":"Pars Plana Vitrectomy with Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling in Traumatic Macular Hole: 14% Perfluoropropane (C3F8) versus Silicone Oil Tamponade","volume":"2017","author":"Saad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Feng, H., Lv, H., Fu, Z., Xue, Y., and Ye, H. (2021). Vitrectomy vs. Spontaneous Closure for Traumatic Macular Hole: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.735968"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1748135","article-title":"Current Management of Traumatic Macular Holes","volume":"2017","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002382","article-title":"SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC MACULAR HOLE: Optical Coherence Tomography Features and Outcomes","volume":"40","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1159\/000510149","article-title":"Surgical Treatment for Traumatic Macular Holes: Reconstructive Changes in Foveal Microstructures and Visual Predictors Analysis","volume":"244","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2024.03.010","article-title":"Advances in management strategies for large and persistent macular hole: An update","volume":"69","author":"Arda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Wang, G., and Shi, X. (2025). Characteristics and surgical outcomes of pediatric traumatic macular holes. BMC Ophthalmol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-025-04120-w"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05139-7","article-title":"Efficacy of early microincision vitrectomy surgery in traumatic macular hole","volume":"259","author":"Kunikata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-024-00539-3","article-title":"Real-world experience of full-thickness traumatic macular hole among young patients","volume":"10","author":"Venugopal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-026-00816-3","article-title":"Characteristics and surgical outcomes of combat blast-related full-thickness traumatic macular holes: Insights from war eye trauma in Ukraine","volume":"12","author":"Ruban","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S224279","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Morphological Features Following Modified Internal Limiting Membrane Surgical Technique In Traumatic Macular Holes","volume":"13","author":"Ghoraba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000004516","article-title":"Traumatic Macular Hole in Children: Characteristics, Management and Outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Kitic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2523","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002523","article-title":"Inverted Internal Limiting Membrane Flap For Large Traumatic Macular Holes","volume":"95","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/15\/6040\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:42:17Z","timestamp":1785919337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/15\/6040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15156040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15156040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}