{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:46:15Z","timestamp":1790703975272,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonatal thromboembolic (TE) disease is an increasingly recognized clinical entity, driven by the physiological uniqueness of developmental hemostasis, improved survival of preterm infants, and the widespread use of invasive supportive technologies. Most neonatal thrombotic events are associated with central venous and arterial catheterization which are considered the most significant modifiable risk factors. The clinical spectrum encompasses catheter-related thrombosis, perinatal stroke and site-specific entities such as renal vein and portal vein thrombosis. Each condition presents distinct challenges such as neurological complications, chronic organ dysfunction and portal hypertension. Diagnosis relies primarily on Doppler ultrasonography, though its sensitivity is limited in deep-vessel scenarios, often requiring advanced modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Therapeutic interventions remain controversial due to a lack of high-quality evidence, with current guidelines largely based on observational data. Ultimately, managing neonatal TE requires a nuanced, individualized approach that balances the risk of thrombus extension against the inherent hemorrhagic vulnerability of the neonate. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of neonatal TE, emphasizing major clinical entities and diagnostic strategies. It highlights current evidence gaps and outlines future directions, including the need for standardized management protocols and high-quality prospective research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15166221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T13:46:16Z","timestamp":1786455976000},"page":"6221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neonatal Thromboembolic Disease: Clinical Spectrum and Emerging Evidence for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies Addressing Unmet Needs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9972-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozeta","family":"Sokou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Department, Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Lianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, \u201cAghios Panteleimon\u201d General Hospital of Nikea, 18454 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1403-143X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Mougiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3695-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas G.","family":"Tsantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Bank Unit, \u201cAttikon\u201d Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6102-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos","family":"Bonovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argirios E.","family":"Tsantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Bank Unit, \u201cAttikon\u201d Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8021-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Iacovidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Department, Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V83.5.1251.1251","article-title":"Venous thromboembolic complications (VTE) in children: First analyses of the Canadian Registry of VTE","volume":"83","author":"Andrew","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.118192","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism in childhood: A prospective two-year registry in The Netherlands","volume":"139","author":"Heijboer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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