{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:41:17Z","timestamp":1786527677214,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The management of traumatic brain injury remains one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine. Determining whom to treat, when to intervene, and how aggressively to proceed and persist continues to define the central dilemma of neurotrauma care. While the injured brain possesses only limited regenerative capacity, substantial opportunity remains to mitigate the cascade of secondary brain injury. Previous technological and scientific advances have progressively challenged the therapeutic nihilism historically associated with severe neurotrauma, and the accelerating pace of innovation is invigorating efforts to push the boundaries of care. Contemporary neurotrauma research increasingly seeks to reduce the incidence of injury through prevention, enable ultra-early diagnosis and intervention, biologically subclassify heterogeneous injury patterns, and integrate multimodal neuromonitoring into precision-guided therapeutic strategies. Advances in artificial intelligence, computational modelling, imaging, biomarker science, and neurocritical care now build upon decades of foundational work established by prior generations of clinicians and scientists. Together, these developments may enable increasingly individualised approaches to neurotrauma management, with the aim of preserving meaningful neurological function, quality of life, and human potential on a global scale. Although many challenges remain, modern neurotrauma increasingly stands at the threshold of such transformation. This narrative review explores the emerging technologies, evolving paradigms, and future directions that may shape the next era of neurotrauma care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15166236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:11:36Z","timestamp":1786525896000},"page":"6236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Future Directions and Evolution Strategies for the Clinical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4373-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam J.","family":"Wells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2086-7130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhiram D.","family":"Hiwase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Timofeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2796-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J. A.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.11.JNS171500","article-title":"Global neurosurgery: The current capacity and deficit in the provision of essential neurosurgical care. Executive Summary of the Global Neurosurgery Initiative at the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change","volume":"130","author":"Dewan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khattak, A.F., Mediratta, S., Venturini, S., Smith, B.G., Dubetz, P.T., Barth\u00e9lemy, E.J., Turgeon, A.F., Menon, D.K., Gulek, B.G., and Ganau, M. (2026). 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