{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:27:01Z","timestamp":1787113621703,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010438","name":"Poznan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["502-14-02228371-10315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["502-14-02228371-10315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["502-14-02228371-10315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["502-14-02228371-10315"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zbb2597","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vaspin (SERPINA12) is an adipokine implicated in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis. Evidence regarding its association with obesity-related metabolic disturbances remains inconsistent, and potential sex-specific differences are not fully understood. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 81 adults aged 30\u201360 years (38 women and 43 men), divided into a metabolic syndrome group (MS+) and a control group (MS\u2212). Anthropometric, biochemical, total antioxidant status and blood pressure parameters were assessed, and insulin resistance was estimated using the HOMA-IR index. Results: In MS+ men, serum vaspin concentrations were higher than in MS\u2212 men (p = 0.004) and were associated with BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and diastolic blood pressure (p &lt; 0.05 for all). In multivariable regression analysis (adjusted for age), insulin levels, lean body mass, and diastolic blood pressure explained up to 15.2% of the variability in serum vaspin concentrations in men (p = 0.035), whereas no significant model was observed in women. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis demonstrated better discriminative performance of serum vaspin for identifying metabolic syndrome in men than in women (AUC: 0.784 \u00b1 0.094 vs. 0.416 \u00b1 0.115, respectively; p = 0.013). Conclusions: Circulating vaspin concentrations are more strongly associated with metabolic disturbances in men than in women These findings suggest that sex-specific regulation of vaspin may contribute to differences in metabolic dysfunction associated with visceral obesity. Overall, these results indicate that vaspin may reflect visceral obesity-related metabolic dysfunction rather than general adiposity. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanistic role of vaspin and to determine whether it has potential as a biomarker of metabolic dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15166284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T17:01:35Z","timestamp":1786640495000},"page":"6284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Obesity: Sex-Specific Associations of Vaspin with Metabolic Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0919-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelina","family":"Sperling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Czy\u017cewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Stanislaw Staszic State University of Applied Sciences in Pila, 10 Podchorazych Street, 64-920 Pila, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4548-032X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Pelczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0563-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Bogda\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6691-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Formanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0081-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"M\u0105dry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 11 Smoluchowskiego Street, 60-179 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-0372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Grzelak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 11 Smoluchowskiego Street, 60-179 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escot\u00e9, X., G\u00f3mez-Zorita, S., L\u00f3pez-Yoldi, M., Milton-Laskibar, I., Fern\u00e1ndez-Quintela, A., Mart\u00ednez, J.A., Moreno-Aliaga, M.J., and Portillo, M.P. (2017). Role of omentin, vaspin, cardiotrophin-1, TWEAK and NOV\/CCN3 in obesity and diabetes development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081770"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5603\/AH.a2022.0012","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome\u2014A new definition and management guidelines","volume":"26","author":"Dobrowolski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arter. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.02.005","article-title":"Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity-related metabolic diseases","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzelak, T., Sperling, M., Pelczy\u0144ska, M., Mikulska-Sauermann, A.A., Bogda\u0144ski, P., Czy\u017cewska, K., and M\u0105dry, E. (2024). Concentrations of Glypican-4, Irisin and Total Antioxidant Status in Women with Metabolic Syndrome: Influence of Physical Activity. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14070768"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sperling, M., Grzelak, T., Pelczy\u0144ska, M., Bogda\u0144ski, P., Formanowicz, D., and Czy\u017cewska, K. (2023). Association of Serum Omentin-1 Concentration with the Content of Adipose Tissue and Glucose Tolerance in Subjects with Central Obesity. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020331"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10610","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504703102","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor: A unique insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity","volume":"102","author":"Hida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9572-0","article-title":"Vaspin in obesity and diabetes: Pathophysiological and clinical significance","volume":"41","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurowska, P., Mlyczy\u0144ska, E., Dawid, M., Jurek, M., Klimczyk, D., Dupont, J., and Rak, A. (2021). Vaspin (SERPINA12) expression and function in endocrine cells. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071710"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31923-3","article-title":"Effects of vaspin on insulin resistance in rats and underlying mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23882","article-title":"Genetic dissection of serum vaspin highlights its causal role in lipid metabolism","volume":"31","author":"Breitfeld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0105browski, K.M., Biega\u0144ski, H.M., and R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ska-Wal\u0119dziak, A. (2025). From Adipose Tissue to Endothelial Cells\u2014Pleiotropic Role of Vaspin in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13123040"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1045","article-title":"Serum vaspin concentrations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Youn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12365","article-title":"Obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients have higher serum vaspin concentrations","volume":"8","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2013.10.009","article-title":"The comparison of serum vaspin and visfatin concentrations in obese and normal weight women","volume":"9","author":"Saboori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-016-0165-1","article-title":"Is vaspin related to cardio-metabolic status and autonomic function in early stages of glucose intolerance and in metabolic syndrome?","volume":"8","author":"Dimova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Fouejeu Wamba, P.C., Lapointe, M., Poirier, P., Martin, J., Bastien, M., and Cianflone, K. (2014). Increased vaspin levels are associated with beneficial metabolic outcome pre- and post-bariatric surgery. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111002"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1488","article-title":"Vaspin: A Novel Biomarker Linking Gluteofemoral Body Fat and Type 2 Diabetes Risk","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02196-z","article-title":"Obesity: A gender-view","volume":"47","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000221","article-title":"European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring","volume":"32","author":"Parati","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","article-title":"User\u2019s guide to correlation coefficients","volume":"18","author":"Akoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monaghan, T.F., Rahman, S.N., Agudelo, C.W., Wein, A.J., Lazar, J.M., Everaert, K., and Dmochowski, R.R. (2021). Foundational statistical principles in medical research: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57050503"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010502","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2021.010502","article-title":"Sample size, power and effect size revisited: Simplified and practical approaches in pre-clinical, clinical and laboratory studies","volume":"31","author":"Serdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Medica"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/10888683241228328","article-title":"Power to Detect What? Considerations for Planning and Evaluating Sample Size","volume":"28","author":"Montoya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11075","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66950-y","article-title":"Inhibition of adipocyte lipolysis by vaspin impairs thermoregulation in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Broghammer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-025-00787-4","article-title":"Hormones, heat, and health: A comprehensive review of sex-based differences in brown and beige fat biology","volume":"17","author":"Shashank","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biol. Sex. Differ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocabas, S., and Sanlier, N. (2026). The expanding landscape of adipokines: Emerging roles of PAI-1 and vaspin in cardiometabolic diseases. Front. Endocrinol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1787458"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.5114\/dr.2017.71217","article-title":"Role of omentin and vaspin in metabolic diseases in association with psoriasis","volume":"104","author":"Kiluk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0490","article-title":"Diabetes as a complication of adipose tissue dysfunction","volume":"51","author":"Bergmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2094","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_62_24","article-title":"Assessment of serum insulin and vaspin levels among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with or without obesity: A cross-sectional analytical study","volume":"16","author":"Sihag","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0737","article-title":"Circulating vaspin is unrelated to insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic humans","volume":"162","author":"Arafat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.196","article-title":"Vaspin is related to gender, puberty and insulin sensitivity in children","volume":"35","author":"Neef","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2530","article-title":"Serum vaspin level in relation to postprandial plasma glucose concentration in subjects with diabetes","volume":"122","author":"Yin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00680-1","article-title":"White adipocyte dysfunction and obesity-associated pathologies in humans","volume":"25","author":"Hagberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.2478\/jomb-2018-0006","article-title":"Vaspin and omentin-1 in NAFLD","volume":"37","author":"Aliasghari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rap\u00f6hn, I., Elias, I., Weiner, J., Pujol, A., Kehr, S., Chadt, A., Al-Hasani, H., Burkhardt, R., Kl\u00f6ting, N., and Stumvoll, M. (2023). Overexpressing high levels of human vaspin limits high fat diet-induced obesity and enhances energy expenditure in a transgenic mouse. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1146454"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.17.3.327","article-title":"Vaspin: A novel serpin with insulin-sensitizing effects","volume":"17","author":"Wada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, C.H., Lee, W.J., Hwang, J.Y., Lee, M.J., Seol, S.M., Kim, Y.M., La Lee, Y., Kim, H.S., Kim, M.-S., and Park, J.-Y. (2012). Vaspin increases nitric oxide bioavailability through the reduction of asymmetric dimethylarginine in vascular endothelial cells. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052346"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.300049","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine proteinase inhibitor inhibits apoptosis of endothelial cells as a ligand for the cell-surface GRP78\/voltage-dependent anion channel complex","volume":"112","author":"Nakatsuka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.04.008","article-title":"Vaspin and visfatin\/Nampt are interesting interrelated adipokines playing a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"60","author":"Kassem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.11.039","article-title":"Vaspin gene expression in human adipose tissue: Association with obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"339","author":"Berndt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000803600402","article-title":"A novel adipocytokine, visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin), and obesity","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2014.38.2.143","article-title":"Association of vaspin with metabolic syndrome: The pivotal role of insulin resistance","volume":"38","author":"Esteghamati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-020-02272-w","article-title":"Apelin, Omentin-1, and Vaspin in patients with essential hypertension: Association of adipokines with trace elements, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative damage markers","volume":"190","author":"Cinemre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"110","article-title":"The investigation of serum vaspin level in atherosclerotic coronary artery disease","volume":"4","author":"Kobat","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.04.008","article-title":"Serum levels of novel adipokines in patients with acute ischemic stroke: Potential contribution to diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"57","author":"Kadoglou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1803","article-title":"Vaspin protects against LPS-induced ARDS by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation in pulmonary endothelial cells via the Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway","volume":"40","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvestrini, A., and Mancini, A. (2024). The Double-Edged Sword of Total Antioxidant Capacity: Clinical Significance and Personal Experience. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080933"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03696-4","article-title":"Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: Antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants","volume":"98","author":"Jomova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"24","article-title":"Serum vaspin role in atherosclerosis and glucose tolerance disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Danuaji","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.5114\/ms.2018.76878","article-title":"The roles of vaspin, chemerin, and omentin in the determination of metabolic syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Suliga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Stud."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2009.00623.x","article-title":"Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: Structural and functional differences","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2011","article-title":"Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: An update","volume":"93","author":"Tchernof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2014.07.002","article-title":"Adipose tissue as endocrine organ","volume":"28","author":"Lanthier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2010.12.002","article-title":"Omentin: A novel link between inflammation, diabesity, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.03.009","article-title":"Role of anti-inflammatory adipokines in obesity-related diseases","volume":"25","author":"Ohashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1435","article-title":"Ghrelin and metabolic syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Zarate","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250521","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-25-0521","article-title":"Leptin and leptin resistance in obesity: Current evidence, mechanisms and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.222","article-title":"The cellular and molecular bases of leptin and ghrelin resistance in obesity","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/16\/6284\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:11:42Z","timestamp":1787112702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/16\/6284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15166284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15166284","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]}}}