{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:24:06Z","timestamp":1787117046607,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is the most common work-related skin disease, accounting for roughly 90\u201395% of occupational dermatoses and falling predominantly on the hands. It is rarely dangerous yet imposes a substantial burden through impaired quality of life, lost productivity, and premature exit from affected trades. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified this burden among healthcare workers, in whom the pooled one-year prevalence of self-reported hand eczema reaches around 27%; meta-analytic data link the increased risk principally to frequent handwashing and wet work rather than to alcohol-based hand rub. Methods: This narrative review, which follows a non-systematic, thematically organised search strategy rather than PRISMA methodology, integrates current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of OCD, with particular emphasis on the self-reinforcing cycle linking skin barrier disruption, microbiome dysbiosis, and antimicrobial-peptide dysregulation to inflammation. Results: We critically appraise the prevention evidence, foregrounding the low certainty of the existing trial base and the tension between the randomised trials of primary and secondary prevention, which have been null, and the encouraging but uncontrolled results of structured tertiary-prevention programmes. We summarise recent therapeutic advances, including topical delgocitinib, and situate the field within the World Health Organisation\u2019s 2025 recognition of skin diseases as a global public health priority. Established evidence and hypotheses are kept separate throughout: we additionally advance, explicitly as a conjecture rather than as a demonstrated mechanism, a conceptual trans-kingdom dialogue model in which protease-generated LL-37 fragments may modulate staphylococcal quorum sensing, and each step of that model is labelled according to whether the supporting evidence is direct, extrapolated, or as yet untested. Conclusions: We argue that the prevention failure is less one of biology than of trial design and measurement, and outline the research needed to close the gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15166353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:35:08Z","timestamp":1786984508000},"page":"6353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occupational Contact Dermatitis in the Post-COVID Era: From Barrier Dysfunction and Microbiome Dysbiosis to Prevention and Precision Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8901-8271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Maghiar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universit\u0103\u021bii Str., No. 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Dermatovenerology, Clinical County Emergency Hospital Bihor, Gheorghe Doja Str., No. 65, 410169 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrada","family":"Iftode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodor-Andrei","family":"Maghiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universit\u0103\u021bii Str., No. 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Pelican Hospital, Corneliu Coposu Str., No. 2, 410450 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Chioibas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery I, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"CBS Medcom Hospital, Popa \u0218apc\u0103 Str., No. 12, 300047 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4136-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Titus","family":"Grecu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, 550 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4766-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Neam\u021bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, Liviu Rebreanu Str., No. 86, 310045 Arad, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgery I, Clinical County Emergency Hospital of Arad, Andrenyi Karoly Str., No. 2\u20134, 310037 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandor Mircea","family":"Ioan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universit\u0103\u021bii Str., No. 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania"},{"name":"CF Oradea Clinical Hospital, Republicii Str., No. 56, 410159 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina-Adriana","family":"Dehelean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea-Adriana","family":"Neam\u021bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Clinical County Emergency Hospital of Arad, Andrenyi Karoly Str., No. 2\u20134, 310037 Arad, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, \u201cPius Br\u00eenzeu\u201d Clinical County Emergency Hospital, Liviu Rebreanu Boulevard, No. 156, 300723 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04004.x","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Occupational Contact Dermatitis (1990\u20132007): A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Keegel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200050407","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Occupational Contact Dermatitis","volume":"72","author":"Diepgen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00669-6","article-title":"Economic Burden of Chronic Hand Eczema: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Armstrong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025). Skin Diseases as a Global Public Health Priority. Proceedings of the Seventy-Eighth World Health Assembly, Geneva, Switzerland, 27 May 2025, WHO. Resolution WHA78.15."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, J., Chen, G., Wu, M., Shi, Y., Yuan, C., and Liu, W. (2026). Trends and Projections of Dermatitis Burden (1990\u20132040): A 2021 Global Burden of Disease Analysis. Front. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1696683"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17096","article-title":"Incidence of Occupational Contact Dermatitis in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review","volume":"35","author":"Pesce","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14489","article-title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Hand Eczema in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"90","author":"Symanzik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13804","article-title":"Prevalence, Incidence, and Severity of Hand Eczema in the General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"84","author":"Quaade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14133","article-title":"Hand Hygiene and Hand Eczema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"87","author":"Loh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14181","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14181","article-title":"Familial Clustering of COVID-19 Skin Manifestations","volume":"33","author":"Tatu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, C., Sun, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, C., Chen, Y., Ma, J., and Ma, Q. (2026). Skin Manifestations of Primary COVID-19 Infection with the Omicron Variant. PLoS ONE, 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0352201"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-025-00960-x","article-title":"Trends in Dermatological Presentations at the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Hospital in Singapore: A 4-Year Analysis Pre- and during COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n1304","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1304","article-title":"Mask-Related Acne (\u201cMaskne\u201d) and Other Facial Dermatoses","volume":"373","author":"Rudd","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.09.074","article-title":"Occupational Dermatitis to Facial Personal Protective Equipment in Health Care Workers: A Systematic Review","volume":"84","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"CD004414","article-title":"Interventions for Preventing Occupational Irritant Hand Dermatitis","volume":"4","author":"Bauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13214","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Skin Care Programme for the Prevention of Contact Dermatitis in Healthcare Workers (the Healthy Hands Project): A Single-Centre, Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"80","author":"Soltanipoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"212","article-title":"Prevention of Hand Eczema: Effect of an Educational Program versus Treatment as Usual\u2014Results of the Randomized Clinical PREVEX Trial","volume":"44","author":"Fisker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.02.002","article-title":"Novel Insights into Contact Dermatitis","volume":"149","author":"Johansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.01935.x","article-title":"Hand Eczema in Hairdressers: A Danish Register-Based Study of the Prevalence of Hand Eczema and Its Career Consequences","volume":"65","author":"Lysdal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polecka, A., Awchimkow, A., Owsianko, N., Baran, A., Hermanowicz, J.M., and Flisiak, I. (2023). Hand Eczema in the Polish Female Population. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12186102"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12614","article-title":"Multicentre Cohort Study \u2018Rehabilitation of Occupational Skin Diseases\u2014Optimization and Quality Assurance of Inpatient Management (ROQ)\u2019: Results from a 3-Year Follow-Up","volume":"75","author":"Brans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14099","article-title":"Evaluation of the Secondary and Tertiary Prevention Strategies against Occupational Contact Dermatitis in Germany: A Systematic Review","volume":"87","author":"Dietz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01027-4","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Delgocitinib Cream in Adults with Moderate to Severe Chronic Hand Eczema (DELTA 1 and DELTA 2): Results from Multicentre, Randomised, Controlled, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Trials","volume":"404","author":"Bissonnette","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.03.008","article-title":"Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Delgocitinib Cream for up to 52 Weeks in Adults with Chronic Hand Eczema: Results of the Phase 3 Open-Label Extension DELTA 3 Trial following the DELTA 1 and 2 trials","volume":"93","author":"Gooderham","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00001-7","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Topical Delgocitinib Cream versus Oral Alitretinoin Capsules in Adults with Severe Chronic Hand Eczema (DELTA FORCE): A 24-Week, Randomised, Head-to-Head, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"405","author":"Pinter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08487.x","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Oral Alitretinoin (9-cis Retinoic Acid) in Patients with Severe Chronic Hand Eczema Refractory to Topical Corticosteroids: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicentre Trial","volume":"158","author":"Ruzicka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.12.066","article-title":"Dupilumab Treatment Improves Signs, Symptoms, Quality of Life, and Work Productivity in Patients with Atopic Hand and Foot Dermatitis: Results from a Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"90","author":"Simpson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16642","article-title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of Allergic Patch Test Reactions in Non-Atopic Patients: A Comparative Study Across Multiple Allergens","volume":"80","author":"Andrades","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14232","article-title":"Contact Allergy to Metals in Metalworkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"88","author":"Alinaghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-022-01937-6","article-title":"Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Occupational Contact Dermatitis among Professional Cleaners: A Systematic Review","volume":"96","author":"Sedeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000203","article-title":"Cement-Induced Chromate Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"Kridin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00681","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v102.360","article-title":"Incidence Rate of Hand Eczema in Different Occupations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"102","author":"Jamil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1515\/jim-2016-0061","article-title":"Romanian Questionnaire to Assess the Prevalence of Occupational Hand Eczema among Healthcare Providers","volume":"1","author":"Chiriac","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Interdiscip. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14315","article-title":"The Eastern European Experience on Occupational Skin Diseases. Make Underreporting an Issue?","volume":"31","author":"Moldovan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.70024","article-title":"Prevalence of Contact Allergy to Rubber Accelerators from the European Baseline Series in Dermatitis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"93","author":"Isufi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1054","article-title":"S2k Guideline: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Therapy of Hand Eczema","volume":"21","author":"Bauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02540.x","article-title":"Levels of Filaggrin Degradation Products Are Influenced by Both Filaggrin Genotype and Atopic Dermatitis Severity","volume":"66","author":"Kezic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1767","article-title":"Common Loss-of-Function Variants of the Epidermal Barrier Protein Filaggrin Are a Major Predisposing Factor for Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"38","author":"Palmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08730.x","article-title":"Loss-of-Function Polymorphisms in the Filaggrin Gene Are Associated with an Increased Susceptibility to Chronic Irritant Contact Dermatitis: A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"159","author":"Khrenova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12083","article-title":"Impact of Atopic Dermatitis and Loss-of-Function Mutations in the Filaggrin Gene on the Development of Occupational Irritant Contact Dermatitis","volume":"168","author":"Visser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14215","article-title":"Contact Dermatitis in the Construction Industry: The Role of Filaggrin Loss-of-Function Mutations","volume":"174","author":"Timmerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12097","article-title":"Carriers of Filaggrin Gene (FLG) Mutations Avoid Professional Exposure to Irritants in Adulthood","volume":"69","author":"Bandier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P030338","article-title":"Increase in Short-Chain Ceramides Correlates with an Altered Lipid Organization and Decreased Barrier Function in Atopic Eczema Patients","volume":"53","author":"Janssens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljaf200","article-title":"Topical Supplementation with Physiological Lipids Rebalances the Stratum Corneum Ceramide Profile and Strengthens Skin Barrier Function in Adults Predisposed to Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"193","author":"Andrew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-02-0124","article-title":"LEKTI Fragments Specifically Inhibit KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 and Control Desquamation through a pH-Dependent Interaction","volume":"18","author":"Deraison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/75977","article-title":"Mutations in SPINK5, Encoding a Serine Protease Inhibitor, Cause Netherton Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Chavanas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.018","article-title":"Tight Junction Defects in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"127","author":"Rafaels","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12770","article-title":"Effect of Allergens and Irritants on Levels of Natural Moisturizing Factor and Corneocyte Morphology","volume":"76","author":"Koppes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00557.x","article-title":"Transepidermal Water Loss and Incidence of Hand Dermatitis in a Prospectively Followed Cohort of Apprentice Nurses","volume":"52","author":"Schmid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The Human Skin Microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13679","article-title":"Colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in Patients with Hand Eczema: Prevalence and Association with Severity, Atopic Dermatitis, Subtype and Nasal Colonization","volume":"83","author":"Edslev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.04.037","article-title":"Hand Eczema and Temporal Variation of Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complexes: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"87","author":"Edslev","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00633","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v101.845","article-title":"Skin Microbiome in Patients with Hand Eczema and Healthy Controls: A Three-Week Prospective Study","volume":"102","author":"Lilje","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19906","article-title":"Longitudinal Analysis of the Skin Microbiome in Association with Hand Eczema, Hand Hygiene Practices and Moisturizer Use","volume":"38","author":"Vindenes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.09.015","article-title":"Effect of Filaggrin Breakdown Products on Growth of and Protein Expression by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"126","author":"Miajlovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20366","article-title":"Hand Eczema and Changes in the Skin Microbiome after 2 Weeks of Topical Corticosteroid Treatment","volume":"39","author":"Ingham","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700819","article-title":"Activation of the IL-1\u03b2-Processing Inflammasome Is Involved in Contact Hypersensitivity","volume":"127","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20092489","article-title":"Lack of the Purinergic Receptor P2X7 Results in Resistance to Contact Hypersensitivity","volume":"207","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1159\/000362789","article-title":"The Human Cathelicidin LL-37 Host Defense Peptide Upregulates Tight Junction-Related Proteins and Increases Human Epidermal Keratinocyte Barrier Function","volume":"6","author":"Akiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12046","article-title":"The Skin Surface as Antimicrobial Barrier: Present Concepts and Future Outlooks","volume":"22","author":"Harder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021481","article-title":"Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides and Skin Infections in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"347","author":"Ong","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.6.3262","article-title":"Cytokine Milieu of Atopic Dermatitis, as Compared to Psoriasis, Skin Prevents Induction of Innate Immune Response Genes","volume":"171","author":"Nomura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat8329","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat8329","article-title":"Quorum Sensing between Bacterial Species on the Skin Protects against Epidermal Injury in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1616","article-title":"Increased Serine Protease Activity and Cathelicidin Promotes Skin Inflammation in Rosacea","volume":"13","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200405040-00002","article-title":"Stratum Corneum pH in Atopic Dermatitis: Impact on Skin Barrier Function and Colonization with Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"5","author":"Rippke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.10.008","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Induces Increased Serine Protease Activity in Keratinocytes","volume":"137","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16755","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803815105","article-title":"Induction of Group A Streptococcus Virulence by a Human Antimicrobial Peptide","volume":"105","author":"Gryllos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36315","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.605394","article-title":"The Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Binds Directly to CsrS, a Sensor Histidine Kinase of Group A Streptococcus, to Activate Expression of Virulence Factors","volume":"289","author":"Velarde","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105368","article-title":"Efficacy of Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 against Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus Strains Obtained from Chronic Wound Infections","volume":"162","author":"Demirci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08046-2","article-title":"Identification of Bacterial Biofilm and the Staphylococcus aureus-Derived Protease, Staphopain, on the Skin Surface of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"7","author":"Sonesson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otto, M. (2023). Critical Assessment of the Prospects of Quorum-Quenching Therapy for Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044025"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, H.L., Yamaguchi, Y., and Peeva, E. (2023). Role of Innate Immunity in Allergic Contact Dermatitis: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612975"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3150","article-title":"Early Immune Events in the Induction of Allergic Contact Dermatitis","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02082.x","article-title":"Effector and Regulatory Mechanisms in Allergic Contact Dermatitis","volume":"64","author":"Vocanson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.5.779","article-title":"Cytotoxicity Is Mandatory for CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Contact Hypersensitivity","volume":"189","author":"Kehren","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.03.022","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Suppress Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions through a CD39, Adenosine-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"123","author":"Ring","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2024.09.008","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Molecular Signatures That Distinguish Allergic from Irritant Contact Dermatitis","volume":"145","author":"Frisoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33474","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009192117","article-title":"Machine-Learning-Driven Biomarker Discovery for the Discrimination between Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis","volume":"117","author":"Fortino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.11.066","article-title":"Gene Profiling in Active Dermatitis Lesions Strengthens the Diagnosis of Allergic Contact Dermatitis","volume":"90","author":"Lefevre","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1919","article-title":"Crucial Role for Human Toll-like Receptor 4 in the Development of Contact Allergy to Nickel","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.10.003","article-title":"Allergy-Inducing Chromium Compounds Trigger Potent Innate Immune Stimulation via ROS-Dependent Inflammasome Activation","volume":"137","author":"Adam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.209","article-title":"Skin Sensitization to p-Phenylenediamine: The Diverging Roles of Oxidation and N-Acetylation for Dendritic Cell Activation and the Immune Response","volume":"129","author":"Aeby","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0256634","article-title":"Studies of Chemical Selectivity of Hapten, Reactivity, and Skin Sensitization Potency. 3. Synthesis and Studies on the Reactivity toward Model Nucleophiles of the 13C-Labeled Skin Sensitizers 5-Chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one and 2-Methylisothiazol-3-one","volume":"16","author":"Basketter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.4c00062","article-title":"Protein Haptenation and Its Role in Allergy","volume":"37","author":"Aleksic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06305.x","article-title":"The Hand Eczema Severity Index (HECSI): A Scoring System for Clinical Assessment of Hand Eczema. A Study of Inter- and Intraobserver Reliability","volume":"152","author":"Held","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2006.05052","article-title":"Noninvasive Evaluation of Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis by In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy","volume":"17","author":"Astner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-014-1492-4","article-title":"Differentiating Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis by High-Definition Optical Coherence Tomography: A Pilot Study","volume":"307","author":"Boone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13714","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography for Patch Test Grading: A Prospective Study on Its Use for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Allergic Contact Dermatitis","volume":"84","author":"Ruini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2011-100220","article-title":"Has European Union Legislation to Reduce Exposure to Chromate in Cement Been Effective in Reducing the Incidence of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Attributed to Chromate in the UK?","volume":"69","author":"Stocks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15261","article-title":"Effectiveness of the European Chromium(VI) Directive for Cement Implementation on Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis Occurrence: Assessment in France and the U.K","volume":"177","author":"Stocks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loi, A.S.T., Aribou, Z.M., and Fong, Y.T. (2022). Improving Recovery of Irritant Hand Dermatitis in Healthcare Workers with Workplace Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.844269"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-01084-x","article-title":"Maintenance of an Acidic Skin Surface with a Novel Zinc Lactobionate Emollient Preparation Improves Skin Barrier Function in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"14","author":"Andrew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14135","article-title":"Prevalence of Contact Allergy to Corticosteroids in a Danish Patient Population","volume":"87","author":"Svendsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2024). Anzupgo: EPAR\u2014Product Information, European Medicines Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/anzupgo."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2026, June 24). ANZUPGO (Delgocitinib) Cream: Prescribing Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2025\/219155s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(26)00098-2","article-title":"Delgocitinib Cream for Adolescents with Moderate to Severe Chronic Hand Eczema (DELTA TEEN): A Multicentre, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"Molin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad199","article-title":"Promising Results for Treatment of Severe Chronic Hand Eczema with Dupilumab","volume":"189","author":"Brans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad156","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab in Patients with Severe Chronic Hand Eczema with Inadequate Response or Intolerance to Alitretinoin: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase IIb Proof-of-Concept Study","volume":"189","author":"Voorberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19194","article-title":"Effect of Upadacitinib on Atopic Hand Eczema in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: Results from Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials","volume":"37","author":"Simpson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.2855","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Oral Janus Kinase 1 Inhibitor Abrocitinib for Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"155","author":"Gooderham","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489627","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/489627","article-title":"Occupational Protein Contact Dermatitis: Two Case Reports","volume":"2010","author":"Rocha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansen, J.D., Mahler, V., Lepoittevin, J.-P., and Frosch, P.J. (2020). Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Chefs and Food Handlers. Contact Dermatitis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72451-5"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2015.2593","article-title":"Occupational Protein Contact Dermatitis","volume":"25","author":"Barbaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000621","article-title":"Mechanism and Diagnosis of Protein Contact Dermatitis","volume":"20","author":"Barbaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0960.1999.00344.x","article-title":"Protein Contact Dermatitis in Food Workers: Case Report of a Meat Sorter and Summary of Seven Other Cases","volume":"40","author":"Kumar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2008.08006","article-title":"Protein Contact Dermatitis: Allergens, Pathogenesis, and Management","volume":"19","author":"Levin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2012.02101.x","article-title":"Consequences of Occupational Food-Related Hand Dermatoses with a Focus on Protein Contact Dermatitis","volume":"67","author":"Vester","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaah4680","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah4680","article-title":"Antimicrobials from Human Skin Commensal Bacteria Protect against Staphylococcus aureus and Are Deficient in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e217249","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.7249","article-title":"Development and Assessment of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Tool for Skin Condition Diagnosis by Primary Care Physicians and Nurse Practitioners in Teledermatology Practices","volume":"4","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01256-2","article-title":"Development of a Human Skin Commensal Microbe for Bacteriotherapy of Atopic Dermatitis and Use in a Phase 1 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"27","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100521","article-title":"Selective Targeting of Skin Pathobionts and Inflammation with Topically Applied Lactobacilli","volume":"3","author":"Lebeer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"e449","article-title":"Skin Sensing and Wearable Technology as Tools to Measure Atopic Dermatitis Severity","volume":"4","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ski. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsui, N., Ohnishi, A., Uyama, A., Sugino, T., Terada, T., and Tsukamoto, M. (2024). Wearable System for Continuous Estimation of Transepidermal Water Loss. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13234779"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58147-0","article-title":"An Epidermal Serine Sensing System for Skin Healthcare","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01810-5","article-title":"Hand Eczema","volume":"404","author":"Weidinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-023-01070-5","article-title":"Occupational Hand Dermatitis","volume":"23","author":"Karagounis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.12.1091","article-title":"Transcriptomic Profiling of Chronic Hand Eczema Skin Reveals Shared Immune Pathways and Molecular Drivers across Subtypes","volume":"155","author":"Quaade","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20023","article-title":"Biomarkers for Chronic Hand Eczema: Could Etiological and Clinical Subtypes Truly Be the Starting Point? An Open Question","volume":"38","author":"Tauber","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.01.013","article-title":"Biomarkers in Atopic Dermatitis\u2014A Review on Behalf of the International Eczema Council","volume":"147","author":"Thyssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiricozzi, A., Levi, A., Palladino, C., and Girolomoni, G. (2025). Enabling Precision Medicine with Biomarkers of Response to Treatment in Atopic Dermatitis: Where Are We Now? A Narrative Review. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1574697"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2024.09.022","article-title":"The Paradigm Shift in Drug Development for Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"134","author":"Bieber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20759","article-title":"Skin\u2019s Molecular Signature May Help Guide Treatment of Complex Inflammatory Skin Diseases","volume":"40","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.10.596","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Precision Medicine for Inflammatory Skin Diseases","volume":"146","author":"Tang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03747-y","article-title":"A Multimodal Vision Foundation Model for Clinical Dermatology","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02728-3","article-title":"Deep Learning-Aided Decision Support for Diagnosis of Skin Disease across Skin Tones","volume":"30","author":"Groh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1089\/derm.2024.0186","article-title":"Dupilumab for Chronic Hand Eczema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Riva","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negrut, R.L., Cote, A., Feder, B., Bodog, F.D., and Maghiar, A.M. (2025). Comparative Prognostic Role of PLR and NLR in Colon Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis of Preoperative Inflammatory Markers. Medicina, 61.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61091580"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"281","article-title":"The Importance of the Histopathological Examination in Establishing the Diagnosis of Delayed Splenic Rupture. Report of a Case and Literature Review","volume":"60","author":"Mihalache","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cote, A., Negrut, R.L., Feder, B., Antal, I.A., Horgos, M.S., Tomescu, E., and Maghiar, A.M. (2025). Barriers to Seeking Medical Care for Hemorrhoidal Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155361"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rat, L.A., Ghitea, T.C., and Maghiar, A.M. (2025). Effectiveness of a Self-Esteem Enhancement Intervention Integrated into Standard CBT Protocol for Improving Quality of Life in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe15040042"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/16\/6353\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:27:26Z","timestamp":1787113646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/16\/6353"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15166353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15166353","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}}}