{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:22:44Z","timestamp":1787660564861,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7ao de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The primary objective was to assess reference intervals for fetal Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) using bidimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE), including only prospective studies specifically designed for this purpose. An additional objective was to evaluate studies\u2019 methodological quality and reproducibility. Methods: This is a systematic review registered at PROSPERO (CRD420251038889). Five electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE\/PubMed, EMBASE and LILACS) were searched, from inception to May 2025. Prospective studies specifically designed to establish 2D-STE GLS reference intervals in low-risk singleton pregnancies with normal fetuses were included. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted tool, including study design and statistical and reporting methods. Results: After the initial identification of 187 records, nine studies published between 2012 and 2025 were included. There was marked heterogeneity among the studies. Four articles achieved high-quality scores (&gt;70%) and three of them reported similar left ventricular (LV) GLS at 24 weeks (\u221222%). Right ventricular absolute GLS values were slightly lower than LV numbers. Regression models for both ventricles showed GLS absolute values decreased with gestation across studies. The 2D-STE algorithm (endocardial versus myocardial) was the main source of discrepancy between studies. Conclusions: High-quality prospective studies show a consistent pattern of biventricular GLS variation with gestational age. However, technical heterogeneity, lack of standardization, operator subjectivity and vendor-specific algorithm differences currently limit the applicability of the method. Multicentric studies with large sample sizes, standardized protocols and artificial intelligence-assisted tools are needed to consolidate this technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:49:34Z","timestamp":1787582974000},"page":"6536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reference Ranges for Fetal Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) Using Bidimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5757-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle Bittencourt","family":"Sodr\u00e9 Barmpas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fernandes Figueira National Institute of Women\u2019s, Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Health (IFF\/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro CEP 22250-020, Brazil"},{"name":"Fetal Medicine Department, Instituto de Estudos em Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade (IETECS), Rio de Janeiro CEP 22775-022, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6244-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima","family":"Monteiro Pereira Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fernandes Figueira National Institute of Women\u2019s, Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Health (IFF\/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro CEP 22250-020, Brazil"},{"name":"Fetal Medicine Department, Instituto de Estudos em Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade (IETECS), Rio de Janeiro CEP 22775-022, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Fetal Medicine, Biodesign Laboratory DASA\/PUC, Campus G\u00e1vea, Rio de Janeiro CEP 22451-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saint Clair","family":"Gomes Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fernandes Figueira National Institute of Women\u2019s, Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Health (IFF\/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro CEP 22250-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla G.","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fernandes Figueira National Institute of Women\u2019s, Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Health (IFF\/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro CEP 22250-020, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro CEP 20551-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Virginia M.","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fernandes Figueira National Institute of Women\u2019s, Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Health (IFF\/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro CEP 22250-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heron","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fetal Medicine, Biodesign Laboratory DASA\/PUC, Campus G\u00e1vea, Rio de Janeiro CEP 22451-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0885-2457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato Augusto","family":"Moreira de S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fernandes Figueira National Institute of Women\u2019s, Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Health (IFF\/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro CEP 22250-020, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Hospital de Cascais Dr. Jos\u00e9 de Almeida, 2755-009 Cascais, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.9064","article-title":"Functional assessment of the fetal heart: A review","volume":"39","author":"Godfrey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. 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