{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:04:55Z","timestamp":1791824695209,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Physiology at the Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zbb2597","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: It is now increasingly acknowledged that psychological resilience and effective stress management are important factors in determining performance in professional sport. The present review examines various psychological interventions used in sport psychology, with particular emphasis on methods for improving performance under competitive pressure. It also assesses the psychometric scales and paradigm-based tools available for measuring stress, stress reactivity, and pre-competition anxiety in athletes. Methods: A narrative review was carried out using the OVID, EBSCO, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, with a preference for randomised controlled trials, observational studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and consensus guidelines. Results: The results form the foundation for creating more thorough athlete support programmes. Psychological interventions are necessary to improve or maintain sporting performance, manage stress and anxiety, promote healthy sleep habits, and reduce the risk of injury. Conclusions: Athletic performance is influenced by technical, tactical, physical, and psychological factors. Psychological interventions, including self-talk, imagery, goal setting, mindfulness, and relaxation techniques, help manage stress while maintaining focus and motivation. It is recommended that athlete sleep education and psychosocially informed injury prevention be incorporated into these strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:05:46Z","timestamp":1787735146000},"page":"6582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Coping with Stress in Athletes: Psychological Strategies and Psychometric Tools for Stress and Anxiety Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0301-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franciszek","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Franciszek Raszeja Municipal Hospital, 60-834 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Matecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Bartkowiak-Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-179 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9682-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kmiecik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Franciszek Raszeja Municipal Hospital, 60-834 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2585-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Law, SWPS University, 61-719 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0402-6737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Gajniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Stru\u015b Municipal Multidisciplinary Hospital, 61-285 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1071-6506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Fiutak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Hospital of Pozna\u0144, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5513-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"St\u0119\u017cycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3559-8547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil Krzysztof","family":"Krupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0401-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Marchwiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Voivodeship Hospital, 60-479 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0087-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Hospital of Pozna\u0144, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michalina","family":"Cuper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Cuper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pleszew Medical Centre, 63-300 Pleszew, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1110-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Jenczylik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Law, SWPS University, 61-719 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7833-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Paterek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pleszew Medical Centre, 63-300 Pleszew, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0081-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"M\u0105dry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-179 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2017.1289240","article-title":"Neurobiology of depression: A neurodevelopmental approach","volume":"19","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. 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