{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:17:50Z","timestamp":1787746670723,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AVS, Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Severe arterial calcification remains a major challenge during femoropopliteal endovascular intervention, limiting luminal gain and increasing the risk of vessel-wall injury, restenosis, and bailout stenting. Pulsatile intravascular lithotripsy (PIVL) is a novel calcium-modification technology that converts pneumatic pulses into short-duration hydraulic pressure waves delivered through a non-compliant balloon. POWER PAD I evaluated the first-in-human feasibility, safety, and procedural performance of PIVL in calcified femoropopliteal arterial disease. Methods: POWER PAD I was a prospective, single-arm, two-center feasibility study. Adults with Rutherford category 2\u20134 symptomatic peripheral arterial disease and moderately or severely calcified superficial femoral or popliteal lesions were treated with PIVL, followed by adjunctive therapy when clinically indicated. Angiographic and duplex ultrasound outcomes were assessed by an independent core laboratory, and adverse events were adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee. Results: Nine patients underwent treatment of 20 lesions. Mean age was 76.2 \u00b1 12.6 years, 19 lesions were severely calcified, and five lesions were chronic total occlusions. Patient-level device and procedural success were each achieved in 8 of 9 patients; technical success was achieved in all patients. Mean diameter stenosis decreased from 76.5 \u00b1 18.0% before treatment to 28.1 \u00b1 6.9% after PIVL-containing lesion preparation and before adjunctive drug-coated-balloon angioplasty, and to 20.6 \u00b1 5.8% after adjunctive therapy. Mean minimal luminal diameter increased from 1.3 \u00b1 1.0 mm to 3.8 \u00b1 0.5 mm after PIVL-containing lesion preparation and to 4.3 \u00b1 0.6 mm at final angiography. No perforation, distal embolization, thrombus, abrupt closure, no-reflow, bailout stenting, or grade D or higher dissection occurred. Freedom from clinically driven target-lesion revascularization was 100% at 30 days and 6 months. Conclusions: PIVL-containing lesion preparation was feasible in heavily calcified superficial femoral and popliteal lesions and was associated with substantial acute luminal gain before adjunctive DCB therapy and no severe angiographic complications. Favorable 6-month clinical and patency outcomes were observed after the combined treatment strategy of PIVL vessel preparation and adjunctive DCB therapy; therefore, longer-term outcomes cannot be attributed to PIVL alone. Larger controlled studies are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:59:23Z","timestamp":1787741963000},"page":"6589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pulsatile Intravascular Lithotripsy for Heavily Calcified Femoropopliteal Arterial Disease: First-in-Human Results from the POWER PAD I Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bibombe Patrice","family":"Mwipatayi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardette Jingfei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1962-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davina","family":"Daudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2017-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson Encarnaci\u00f3n","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Centro Medico Moderno, Santo Domingo 10132, Dominican Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Lansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Chisena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AVS, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitinder S.","family":"Gurm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Traficante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Revelations Pty Ltd., Sandringham, VIC 3191, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon C.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology and Endovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0","article-title":"Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: A systematic review and analysis","volume":"382","author":"Fowkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.179","article-title":"Peripheral artery disease: Epidemiology and global perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Fowkes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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