{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T05:16:08Z","timestamp":1788066968175,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.24.572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.572"]}]},{"award":["B.SUB.24.572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.572"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y4ya841","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists are widely used in the management of lower urinary tract symptoms, where they can induce ejaculatory dysfunction as a pharmacodynamic effect, particularly with \u03b11A-selective agents. This observation has led to growing interest in their potential role as non-hormonal male contraceptives. This narrative review evaluates current clinical and preclinical evidence regarding the impact of \u03b1-blockers on the ejaculatory mechanism, with a focus on their potential application in male contraception. Both human and animal data were examined to contextualize the mechanistic basis for contraceptive potential. Evidence from clinical and pharmacological studies indicates that inhibition of \u03b11-adrenoceptor-mediated smooth-muscle contraction in tissues involved in seminal emission, including the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate, can impair the emission phase of ejaculation. Agents such as tamsulosin and silodosin have been reported to induce anejaculation or markedly reduce semen volume, providing pharmacodynamic evidence of impaired seminal emission; however, these effects should not be considered equivalent to demonstrated contraceptive efficacy. Prospective clinical evidence currently includes one prospective pilot study and one randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating silodosin as a potential reversible non-hormonal male contraceptive. The prospective evidence includes marked and progressive suppression of sperm output and semen volume with repeated silodosin administration; at week 12, 94% of participants achieved a total sperm count \u2264 1 \u00d7 106 per ejaculate, while the observed pregnancy incidence was 4% versus 17% with placebo. However, the available evidence remains insufficient to establish reliable contraceptive effectiveness for individual sexual exposures. Safety considerations, including cardiovascular effects and sexual dysfunction, also remain insufficiently characterized in healthy men. \u03b11-adrenoceptor antagonists represent a biologically plausible pharmacologic strategy for male non-hormonal contraception by interfering with seminal emission and sperm delivery without directly suppressing spermatogenesis. Further pharmacokinetic\u2013pharmacodynamic studies and rigorously designed multicentre clinical trials are required to determine the optimal dosing strategy, completeness and consistency of seminal emission suppression, contraceptive effectiveness, safety, acceptability, and reversibility of this approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:27:46Z","timestamp":1787920066000},"page":"6643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alpha-Adrenoceptor Blockade as a Novel Pathway Toward Non-Hormonal Male Contraception: A Mechanistic and Clinical Evidence Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6285-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Roztocka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5834-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Osi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4926-3405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halina","family":"Car","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5084-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Nazarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, 15-213 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa Katarzyna","family":"Czech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, 15-213 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8695-5304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Soko\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1152","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30315-6","article-title":"Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: Estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990\u20132019","volume":"8","author":"Bearak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2012.08.029","article-title":"Trends in contraceptive use","volume":"87","author":"Darroch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e380","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30029-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and subregional trends in unintended pregnancy and its outcomes from 1990 to 2014: Estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model","volume":"6","author":"Bearak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, L.M.S., Rieper, R.L.A., Lima, V.C.F., Arag\u00f3n Novoa, D.M., de Ara\u00fajo, I.B., Alves, I.A., and de Freitas Santos J\u00fanior, A. (2025). New Horizons in Male Contraception: Clinical, Cultural and Technological Innovation Aspects. Sexes, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/sexes6040060"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"603","article-title":"Male contraception","volume":"93","author":"Abbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13182","article-title":"European countries have different rates of sperm cryopreservation before vasectomy and at the time of reversal","volume":"10","author":"Degraeve","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2011.01.021","article-title":"Contraceptive failure in the United States","volume":"83","author":"Trussell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2010.02.002","article-title":"Why do women experience untimed pregnancies? A review of contraceptive failure rates","volume":"24","author":"Black","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh574","article-title":"Attitudes toward male fertility control: Results of a multinational survey on four continents","volume":"20","author":"Heinemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13726","article-title":"Assessment of demand for male contraceptives: A multi-country study","volume":"12","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2141","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of an injectable combination hormonal contraceptive for men","volume":"101","author":"Behre","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.9b00824","article-title":"ABHD2 inhibitor identified by activity-based protein profiling reduces acrosome reaction","volume":"14","author":"Baggelaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, V., Hild, S.A., Jakkaraj, S.R., Carlson, E.J., Wong, H.L., Allen, C.L., Georg, G.I., and Tash, J.S. (2020). N-Butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin induces reversible infertility in male CD rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010301"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21517-5","article-title":"Triptonide is a reversible non-hormonal male contraceptive agent in mice and non-human primates","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqaa196","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa196","article-title":"The non-hormonal male contraceptive adjudin exerts its effects via MAPs and signaling proteins mTORC1\/rpS6 and FAK-Y407","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"266","article-title":"Male contraception: Where are we going and where have we been?","volume":"45","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Sex. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06845-0","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. X. Recommendation for nomenclature of alpha1-adrenoceptors: Consensus update","volume":"47","author":"Hieble","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706619","article-title":"\u03b11-, \u03b12- and \u03b2-adrenoceptors in the urinary bladder, urethra and prostate","volume":"147","author":"Michel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17053.x","article-title":"Pharmacological evidence of distinct \u03b11-adrenoceptor subtypes mediating the contraction of human prostatic urethra and peripheral artery","volume":"113","author":"Hatano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20312","article-title":"Uroselectivity in male dogs of silodosin (KMD-3213), a novel drug for the obstructive component of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"25","author":"Tatemichi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2843","article-title":"A comparison of FDA and EMA pregnancy and lactation labeling","volume":"113","author":"Kappel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.05.017","article-title":"Physiology of ejaculation: Emphasis on serotonergic control","volume":"48","author":"Giuliano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.09.034","article-title":"Characterization of the effects of various drugs likely to affect smooth muscle tension on isolated human seminal vesicle tissue","volume":"75","author":"Birowo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2003.04674.x","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of tamsulosin and alfuzosin on neurally evoked increases in bladder neck and seminal vesicle pressure in rats","volume":"93","author":"Giuliano","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1240887","article-title":"Mediation of contraction in rat cauda epididymidis by alpha-adrenoceptors","volume":"124","author":"Chaturapanich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.246710","article-title":"Contraction of rat cauda epididymis smooth muscle to \u03b11-adrenoceptor activation is mediated by \u03b11A-adrenoceptors","volume":"366","author":"Pacini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00914.x","article-title":"Regulation of epididymal contractility during semen emission, the first part of the ejaculatory process: A role for estrogen","volume":"5","author":"Vignozzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(97)00022-1","article-title":"Effect of prazosin on sperm transport in male rats","volume":"11","author":"Solomon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/47495","article-title":"Reduced vas deferens contraction and male infertility in mice lacking P2X1 receptors","volume":"403","author":"Mulryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707366","article-title":"Alpha1-adrenoceptors are required for normal male sexual function","volume":"152","author":"Sanbe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12546","article-title":"Physiology and pharmacology of ejaculation","volume":"119","author":"Giuliano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.108.337","article-title":"The role of alpha-adrenergic receptor mechanism on ejaculation","volume":"108","author":"Kimura","year":"1974","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20825","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318624110","article-title":"Male contraception via simultaneous knockout of \u03b11A-adrenoceptors and P2X1-purinoceptors in mice","volume":"110","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02259106","article-title":"A role for 5-hydroxytryptamine in descending inhibition of spinal sexual reflexes","volume":"88","author":"Marson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.08.023","article-title":"Central regulation of ejaculation","volume":"83","author":"Coolen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.12.002","article-title":"5-Hydroxytryptamine in premature ejaculation: Opportunities for therapeutic intervention","volume":"30","author":"Giuliano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb03159.x","article-title":"Peripheral effects of serotonin on the contractile responses of rat seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050633","article-title":"Evidence for an involvement of 5-HT1B receptors in the inhibition of male rat sexual behavior produced by 5-HTP","volume":"137","author":"Ahlenius","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00483-5","article-title":"Synergistic actions of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 and citalopram on male rat ejaculatory behavior","volume":"379","author":"Ahlenius","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(81)90023-X","article-title":"Effects of a new type of 5-HT receptor agonist on male rat sexual behavior","volume":"15","author":"Ahlenius","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1994.tb00766.x","article-title":"Tamsulosin, a selective \u03b11-adrenoceptor antagonist, inhibits fertility of male rats","volume":"26","author":"Ratnasooriya","year":"1994","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.01.039","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of four \u03b11-adrenoceptor antagonists on ejaculatory function in rats","volume":"80","author":"Tatemichi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12072","article-title":"Effects of silodosin and tamsulosin on the seminal vesicle contractile response","volume":"8","author":"Hayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Low. Urin. Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.074740","article-title":"Evaluation of tamsulosin and alfuzosin activity in the rat vas deferens: Relevance to ejaculation delays","volume":"312","author":"Tambaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901187","article-title":"In vivo rat model to measure hypogastric nerve stimulation-induced seminal vesicle and vasal pressure responses simultaneously","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Impot. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0560633","article-title":"The effect of sympathomimetic drugs on contractility of the vas deferens in vitro and in vivo","volume":"56","author":"Ratnasooriya","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707369","article-title":"Alpha1-adrenoceptors and ejaculatory function","volume":"152","author":"Michel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-025-04885-5","article-title":"Efficacy of daily silodosin 8 mg as a potential reversible male contraceptive: A prospective placebo controlled study","volume":"58","author":"Nouh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-02806-7","article-title":"A prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of silodosin 8 mg as an on-demand, reversible, nonhormonal oral contraceptive for males: A pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Bhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12412","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of tamsulosin 0.4 mg in Asian patients with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia refractory to tamsulosin 0.2 mg: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-018-0621-8","article-title":"Management of male lower urinary tract symptoms in a simulated over-the-counter setting: An exploratory study of tamsulosin","volume":"36","author":"Roehrborn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14184","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14184","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tamsulosin versus its combination with mirabegron in the management of lower urinary tract non-neurogenic overactive bladder symptoms because of benign prostatic enlargement: An open-label randomized controlled clinical study","volume":"75","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"291","article-title":"Silodosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"4","author":"Rossi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batty, M., Pugh, R., Rathinam, I., Simmonds, J., Walker, E., Forbes, A., Anoopkumar-Dukie, S., McDermott, C.M., Spencer, B., and Christie, D. (2016). The role of \u03b11-adrenoceptor antagonists in the treatment of prostate and other cancers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081339"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Management of benign prostatic hyperplasia with silodosin","volume":"1","author":"Yamanishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Access J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrology Study Group of Society of Urologic Surgery-Turkey (SUST) (2020). Changing aspects of male sexual functions accompanying treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with silodosin 8 mg per day. J. Sex. Med., 17, 1094\u20131100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.02.023"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00779.x","article-title":"Inhibition of seminal emission is the main cause of anejaculation induced by a new highly selective \u03b11A-adrenoceptor blocker in normal volunteers","volume":"5","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12095","article-title":"Effects of silodosin on sexual function: A realistic picture from everyday clinical practice","volume":"3","author":"Capogrosso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1605","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of either or both mirabegron and silodosin as medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteric stones","volume":"56","author":"Sayed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06448.x","article-title":"Silodosin, a new \u03b11A-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia: Results of a phase III randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in Japanese men","volume":"98","author":"Kawabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.4111\/kju.2013.54.10.697","article-title":"Effects of low-dose tamsulosin on sexual function in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2011.25","article-title":"Effect of tamsulosin on ejaculatory function in BPH\/LUTS","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.129208","article-title":"The role of urethral pressure profile on treating premature ejaculation by tamsulosin","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4103\/ua.ua_143_21","article-title":"Evaluation of intermittent tamsulosin in treating symptomatic patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"15","author":"Soliman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urol. Ann."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198835050-00003","article-title":"Doxazosin","volume":"35","author":"Young","year":"1988","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05959.x","article-title":"Beneficial effects of extended-release doxazosin and doxazosin standard on sexual health","volume":"97","author":"Kaplan","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)02114-3","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of doxazosin and finasteride, alone or in combination, in treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: The Prospective European Doxazosin and Combination Therapy (PREDICT) trial","volume":"61","author":"Kirby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12160","article-title":"Silodosin versus naftopidil for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A multicenter randomized trial","volume":"20","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13392","article-title":"Silodosin versus naftopidil in the treatment of premature ejaculation: A prospective multicenter trial","volume":"24","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2006.01535.x","article-title":"Ejaculatory disorder caused by alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists is not retrograde ejaculation but a loss of seminal emission","volume":"13","author":"Hisasue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13805","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.13805","article-title":"Comparison of alpha blockers in treatment of premature ejaculation: A pilot clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Akin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. Red Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08503.x","article-title":"Ejaculatory dysfunction in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"104","author":"Rosen","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.006874","article-title":"Effects of alfuzosin and tamsulosin on sperm parameters in healthy men: Results of a short-term, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study","volume":"30","author":"Hellstrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.01107.x","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of controlled-release doxazosin and tamsulosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Brazil","volume":"60","author":"Pompeo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2026, July 31). Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. \u00a7 355 (b), Available online: https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE-2023-title21\/pdf\/USCODE-2023-title21-chap9.pdf."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (2026, July 31). Title 21, \u00a7 314.70. Supplements and Other Changes to an Approved NDA, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter-I\/subchapter-D\/part-314\/subpart-B\/section-314.70."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (2026, July 31). Title 21, \u00a7 314. 54. Procedure for Submission of a 505 (b) (2) Application Requiring Investigatins for Approval of a New Indication for, or Other Change from, a Listed Drug, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter-I\/subchapter-D\/part-314\/subpart-B\/section-314.54."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2026, July 26). Regulation (EC) No 726\/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 Laying Down Community Procedures for the Authorisation and Supervision of Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use and Establishing a European Medicines Agency [Internet] (OJ L 136, 30.4.2004, pp. 1\u201333). Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2004\/726\/oj."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2026, July 26). Directive 2001\/83\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community Code Relating to Medicinal Products for Human Use [Internet]. OJ L Nov 6, 2001. Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2001\/83\/oj."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2026, July 31). Commission Regulation (EC) No 1234\/2008 of 24 November 2008 Concerning the Examination of Variations to the Terms of Marketing Authorisations for Medicinal Products for Human Use and Veterinary Medicinal Products (OJ L 334, 12.12.2008, pp. 7\u201324) [Internet]. Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2008\/1234\/oj."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2026, July 31). European Medicines Agency Post-Authorisation Procedural Advice for Users of the Centralised Procedure. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/regulatory-procedural-guideline\/european-medicines-agency-post-authorisation-procedural-advice-users-centralised-procedure_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(88)90008-X","article-title":"Prazosin, an adrenergic blocking agent inadequate as male contraceptive pill","volume":"37","author":"Kjaergaard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.06.003","article-title":"Assessment of tamsulosin as a potential male contraceptive in healthy volunteers","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2025.110830","article-title":"Development of a transdermal gel for reversible male contraception","volume":"145","author":"Blithe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contraception"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/17\/6643\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T04:21:27Z","timestamp":1788063687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/17\/6643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15176643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15176643","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}