{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:16:57Z","timestamp":1788171417500,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Balance impairment threatens mobility and independence in older adults with cardiovascular disease, yet cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has traditionally prioritised aerobic capacity and cardiovascular outcomes. This narrative review examines the mechanisms and assessment of balance impairment, balance recovery within CR, and implications for clinical practice. Balance impairment reflects interactions among musculoskeletal, sensory, cognitive\u2013motor, and cardiovascular constraints that affect different domains of postural control to varying extents. Standardised clinical measures do not capture these domains equally, and single scores or completion times can obscure the deficits underlying poor performance. Instrumented and wearable technologies extend clinical assessment by quantifying postural sway and gait, helping to distinguish broader mobility gains from recovery within specific balance domains. To translate this distinction into practice, this review recommends individualised, balance-focused CR, with assessment guiding task-specific training and virtual reality or exergaming providing graded practice and performance feedback to promote mobility and independence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:21:19Z","timestamp":1788168079000},"page":"6657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Balance and Mobility Impairment in Older Adults with Cardiovascular Disease Before and After Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2148-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengyang","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise, Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4109-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise, Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Health and Rehabilitation Research, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8752-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran Khan","family":"Niazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7638-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise, Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6724-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyne","family":"Benatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greenlane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1631-1925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul W.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise, Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Health and Rehabilitation Research, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025). 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