{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:17:08Z","timestamp":1788239828547,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23JC1404204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JC1404204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25TS1411700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25TS1411700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25TS1411701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25TS1411701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25TS1411703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25TS1411703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82472229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82472229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82102244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82102244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Abnormal heart rate is a common early manifestation of sepsis, but the association of the dynamic changes with clinical outcomes remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dynamic heart rate trajectories and 28-day mortality as well as acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with sepsis. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was based on two independent cohorts from the eICU-CRD and MIMIC-IV databases, enrolling 7537 patients with sepsis. Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) was used to identify dynamic heart rate trajectories within the first 7 days after ICU admission. Landmark analysis with a landmark time of day 7 to account for immortal time bias. Cox regression and logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate the associations of different trajectories with 28-day mortality and new-onset AKI risk after the 7-day landmark. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the consistency with the primary analysis. Results: Five distinct heart rate trajectories were identified: persistently low-stable (Traj-1), moderate-level gradually increasing (Traj-2), high-baseline rapidly declining (Traj-3), low-level U-shaped (Traj-4), and persistently high (Traj-5). Using Traj-1 as the reference, among patients observed at day 7, patients with Traj-5 had elevated risks of 28-day mortality (all p &lt; 0.05) and new-onset AKI after the 7-day landmark (all p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Persistently high heart rate trajectories (Traj-5) were associated with higher risks of 28-day mortality and new-onset AKI among patients observed at day 7. These findings support careful heart rate monitoring in septic patients can provide valuable information into the prognostic association and risk stratification, while residual confounding precludes causal interpretation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:21:19Z","timestamp":1788168079000},"page":"6660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of Heart Rate Trajectories with Mortality and AKI Occurrence in Septic Patients: A Retrospective Study from MIMIC-IV and eICU Databases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5173-4351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Translational Medicine in Anesthesiology and Pain, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hangxiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhenliang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma-Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Center (TECCMC), Shanghai Fifth People\u2019s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nuolin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5652-600X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changwei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Translational Medicine in Anesthesiology and Pain, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000958","article-title":"Epidemiology of Sepsis and Septic Shock","volume":"34","author":"Chiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.13836","article-title":"Incidence and Trends of Sepsis in US Hospitals Using Clinical vs Claims Data, 2009\u20132014","volume":"318","author":"Rhee","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07694-z","article-title":"Sepsis: Key Insights, Future Directions, and Immediate Goals. A Review and Expert Opinion","volume":"50","author":"Singer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2021.tb00154.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular Responses During Sepsis","volume":"11","author":"Pecchiari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"101602","article-title":"Hemodynamic Failure during Sepsis: What Clinicians and Researchers Must Know","volume":"44","author":"Leone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000809","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"36","author":"Hato","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104318","article-title":"Current Sepsis Therapeutics","volume":"86","author":"Vincent","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004958","article-title":"Hemodynamic Support in Sepsis","volume":"140","author":"Antonucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202412-2377OC","article-title":"Molecular Phenotyping of Sepsis and Differential Response to Fluid Resuscitation","volume":"211","author":"Kiernan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.01.012","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability Measures for Prediction of Severity of Illness and Poor Outcome in ED Patients with Sepsis","volume":"38","author":"Arbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, Y.-L., Li, W.-J., Lu, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J.-W., and Zhou, J.-H. (2024). Association between Heart Rate and Mortality in Patients with Septic Shock: An Analysis Revealed by Time Series Data. BMC Infect. Dis., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10004-z"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-025-03960-0","article-title":"Maximum Heart Rate and Mortality in Sepsis Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180178","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.178","article-title":"The eICU Collaborative Research Database, a Freely Available Multi-Center Database for Critical Care Research","volume":"5","author":"Pollard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01899-x","article-title":"MIMIC-IV, a Freely Accessible Electronic Health Record Dataset","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ooac105","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooac105","article-title":"OpenSep: A Generalizable Open Source Pipeline for SOFA Score Calculation and Sepsis-3 Classification","volume":"5","author":"Hofford","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c179","DOI":"10.1159\/000339789","article-title":"KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"120","author":"Khwaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081122-012416","article-title":"Recent Advances in Group-Based Trajectory Modeling for Clinical Research","volume":"20","author":"Nagin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2023.103116","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker and Predictor of Inflammation, Nosocomial Infection, and Sepsis\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"249","author":"Adam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e1063","article-title":"Hemodynamic Determinants of Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"6","author":"Demirjian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.08.013","article-title":"Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Mechanism, Prevalence, Assessment, Prognosis, and Management","volume":"168","author":"Sato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pamporis, K., Karakasis, P., Pantelidaki, A., Goutis, P.A., Grigoriou, K., Theofilis, P., Katsaouni, A., Botis, M., Karanikola, A.-E., and Milaras, N. (2025). Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy and Cardiac Arrhythmias: Pathophysiology and Implications for Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13112643"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakynthinos, G.E., Tsolaki, V., Oikonomou, E., Vavouranakis, M., Siasos, G., and Zakynthinos, E. (2023). New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12226989"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm074","article-title":"Relative Tachycardia in Patients with Sepsis: An Independent Risk Factor for Mortality","volume":"100","author":"Leibovici","year":"2007","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Castilho, F.M., Ribeiro, A.L.P., Nobre, V., Barros, G., and de Sousa, M.R. (2018). Heart Rate Variability as Predictor of Mortality in Sepsis: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203487"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-023-01078-w","article-title":"Predicting Deterioration of Patients with Early Sepsis at the Emergency Department Using Continuous Heart Rate Variability Analysis: A Model-Based Approach","volume":"31","author":"Quinten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001192","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability, Clinical and Laboratory Measures to Predict Future Deterioration in Patients Presenting with Sepsis","volume":"51","author":"Barnaby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, N., Chee, M.L., Foo, M.Z.Q., Pong, J.Z., Guo, D., Koh, Z.X., Ho, A.F.W., Niu, C., Chong, S.-L., and Ong, M.E.H. (2021). Heart Rate n-Variability (HRnV) Measures for Prediction of Mortality in Sepsis Patients Presenting at the Emergency Department. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.26.20248866"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.06.002","article-title":"Heart Rate Characteristics: Physiomarkers for Detection of Late-Onset Neonatal Sepsis","volume":"37","author":"Fairchild","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20898","article-title":"Early Heart Rate Fluctuation and Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis: A Retrospective Cohort Study of the MIMIC-IV Database","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104265","article-title":"Effect of Ultrashort-Acting \u03b2-Blocker on the Mortality of Patients with Sepsis or Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Trial Sequential Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"92","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Intensive Crit. Care Nurs."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e921","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab034","article-title":"\u03b2-Blockers, Tachycardia, and Survival Following Sepsis: An Observational Cohort Study","volume":"73","author":"Guz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30037-0","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Landiolol, an Ultra-Short-Acting \u03b21-Selective Antagonist, for Treatment of Sepsis-Related Tachyarrhythmia (J-Land 3S): A Multicentre, Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"8","author":"Kakihana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf291","article-title":"Heart Rate-Lowering Drugs and Outcomes in Hypertension and\/or Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Sanidas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac210","article-title":"The Conundrum of the Complex Relationship between Acute Kidney Injury and Cardiac Arrhythmias","volume":"38","author":"Genovesi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.113","article-title":"Heart Failure and Kidney Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Mechanisms and Management","volume":"12","author":"Schefold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1159\/000539808","article-title":"Tachycardia and Acute Kidney Injury among Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"53","author":"Hayase","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.22.101","article-title":"Risk of Ventricular Tachycardia and Its Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy due to Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.08.018","article-title":"Periprocedural Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Structural Heart Disease Undergoing Catheter Ablation of VT","volume":"7","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, F., Zhu, C., Cao, Y., and Zhao, S. (2025). Impact of Prolonged Elevated Heart Rate on Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury Patients: A Causal Inference and Prediction Study. Kidney Res. Clin. Pract., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.24.206"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37940","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037940","article-title":"Clinical Implications of Septic Cardiomyopathy: A Narrative Review","volume":"103","author":"Hiraiwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01043-4","article-title":"Revolution in Sepsis: A Symptoms-Based to a Systems-Based Approach?","volume":"31","author":"Dobson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828a678d","article-title":"Microvascular Effects of Heart Rate Control with Esmolol in Patients with Septic Shock: A Pilot Study","volume":"41","author":"Morelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afaf194","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaf194","article-title":"Is Age Associated with Different Vital Signs in Adults Presenting to Hospital with Bacterial Infection? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"54","author":"Tupper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24868","article-title":"Targeted Heart Rate Control in Sepsis: A Promising Path or a Double-edged Sword?","volume":"28","author":"Gudivada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R80","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13842","article-title":"Ventriculoarterial Decoupling in Human Septic Shock","volume":"18","author":"Guarracino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"8879878","article-title":"ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Septic Shock","volume":"2020","author":"Ishmael","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2021.07.009","article-title":"The RV1-V3 Transition Ratio: A Novel Electrocardiographic Criterion for the Differentiation of Right versus Left Outflow Tract Premature Ventricular Complexes","volume":"2","author":"Efremidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm O2"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04879-2","article-title":"Characteristics, Predictors and Outcomes of New-Onset QT Prolongation in Sepsis: A Multicenter Retrospective Study","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.5811\/WESTJEM.50775","article-title":"Association of Electrocardiogram Abnormalities with Clinical Outcomes in Emergency Department Sepsis Patients","volume":"27","author":"Kotruchin","year":"2026","journal-title":"West J. Emerg. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/17\/6660\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:28:07Z","timestamp":1788236887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/17\/6660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15176660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15176660","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}