{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:17:16Z","timestamp":1788171436483,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This narrative review summarizes the published literature on robotic coronary revascularization, encompassing robotic-assisted minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (RA-MIDCAB), totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass (TECAB), and hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR). These are distinct procedures that differ in operative access, conduit harvesting, use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and typical patient selection, and are treated as such throughout this review rather than as interchangeable techniques. A structured, non-systematic literature search of PubMed\/MEDLINE and major cardiothoracic surgical journals was performed. Articles were selected by the authors based on relevance, methodological quality, and recency. This is explicitly a narrative rather than a systematic review, and no PRISMA methodology was applied. In observational series from experienced centers, RA-MIDCAB and TECAB are associated with low perioperative mortality (0\u20132.8%), high early left internal thoracic artery (LITA)-to-left anterior descending (LAD) graft patency (&gt;95%), and shorter hospital stay than conventional sternotomy coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in selected patients. HCR extends robotic revascularization to selected patients with multivessel and left main disease. However, nearly all of this evidence derives from retrospective, single-center, or registry-based observational studies performed at high-volume expert centers in selected patient populations, and comparative claims against conventional CABG are vulnerable to selection bias and residual confounding. Robotic coronary revascularization is a feasible option that has been reproduced across a growing number of high-volume centers for carefully selected patients, but current evidence does not support broad claims of superiority over conventional CABG, and outcome data remain concentrated among a limited number of expert programs. Prospective multicenter and randomized data, standardized outcome definitions, and structured training pathways are needed to define its long-term role in coronary revascularization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:21:19Z","timestamp":1788168079000},"page":"6677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Robotic Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Narrative Review of Techniques, Evidence, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6812-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Aranda-Michel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1442-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew M.","family":"Duda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2260-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Verdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2023-rcabg-0191","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of two decades of reported outcomes for robotic coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"13","author":"Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2024-rcabg-15","article-title":"The outcomes of robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in the Atlantic demographic-a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1556984519827703","article-title":"Robotic Totally Endoscopic Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes from the Past two Decades","volume":"14","author":"Gobolos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2016.11.08","article-title":"A systematic review on robotic coronary artery bypass graft surgery","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezy289","article-title":"2018 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization","volume":"55","author":"Neumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae177","article-title":"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes","volume":"45","author":"Vrints","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ezae271","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezae271","article-title":"Hybrid coronary revascularization: Position paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiovascular Surgery and European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions","volume":"66","author":"Thielmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(99)70133-9","article-title":"Endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting with the aid of robotic assisted instruments","volume":"118","author":"Loulmet","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(99)00356-5","article-title":"Total endoscopic computer enhanced coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"17","author":"Falk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2001.112625","article-title":"Computer-enhanced \u201crobotic\u201d cardiac surgery: Experience in 148 patients","volume":"121","author":"Mohr","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.12.059","article-title":"Trends in Robotic-Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts: A Study of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database, 2006 to 2012","volume":"102","author":"Whellan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-1535","article-title":"Minimally invasive and robotic coronary artery bypass grafting-a 25-year review","volume":"13","author":"Bonatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2024-rcabg-0016","article-title":"Bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting in robotic beating-heart totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass: 10-year outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Nisivaco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezz076","article-title":"First report of a hybrid robotic beating-heart quadruple totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass: Toward complete revascularization","volume":"56","author":"Kitahara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/15569845251325849","article-title":"Unlocking the Potential: Overcoming Barriers to the Adoption of Robotics in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery","volume":"20","author":"AlJamal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"13","article-title":"Robotic coronary artery bypass grafting: Current status and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Piperata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vessel Plus"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2023.02.045","article-title":"Mastering the Learning Curve for Robotic-Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery","volume":"115","author":"Jonsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piperata, A., Busuttil, O., Jansens, J.L., Modine, T., Pernot, M., and Labrousse, L. (2022). A Single Center Initial Experience with Robotic-Assisted Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (RA-MIDCAB). J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12111895"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamashita, Y., Torregrossa, G., Sicouri, S., Wertan, M.A.C., Spragan, D.D., Ramlawi, B., and Sutter, F.P. (2025). Robotic-Assisted Redo Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Single-Center Experience. Ann. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 31.","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.oa.25-00026"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atssr.2023.11.029","article-title":"Comparison of Robot-Assisted Multivessel Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass and Hybrid Revascularization","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg. Short Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2025.06.008","article-title":"Early outcomes and follow-up of robotic-assisted multivessel coronary artery bypass with in situ bilateral internal thoracic artery: Report of 221 patients in a single center","volume":"170","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-13-1115","article-title":"Robot-assisted minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting. ThoraCAB","volume":"78","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"30","article-title":"Robotic-assisted minimally invasive multivessel coronary bypass surgery","volume":"19","author":"Arslanhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimed. Man. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2024.07.060","article-title":"A decade of robotic beating-heart totally endoscopic coronary bypass (TECAB) at a single institution: Outcomes with 10-year follow-up","volume":"169","author":"Nisivaco","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/imi.0b013e3182a2503a","article-title":"Robotically assisted hybrid coronary revascularization: Does sequence of intervention matter?","volume":"8","author":"Srivastava","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458064","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5458064","article-title":"Randomized Clinical Trial of Surgical vs. Percutaneous vs. Hybrid Revascularization in Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease: Residual Myocardial Ischemia and Clinical Outcomes at One Year-HREVS","volume":"2020","author":"Ganyukov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Interv. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"259","article-title":"Late clinical outcomes of myocardial hybrid revascularization versus coronary artery bypass grafting for complex triple-vessel disease: Long-term follow-up of the randomized MERGING clinical trial","volume":"97","author":"Esteves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2007.09.025","article-title":"Simultaneous hybrid coronary revascularization reduces postoperative morbidity compared with results from conventional off-pump coronary artery bypass","volume":"135","author":"Kon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)00859-4","article-title":"Technique of closed chest coronary artery surgery on the beating heart","volume":"20","author":"Kappert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2012.09.071","article-title":"Five hundred cases of robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting: Predictors of success and safety","volume":"95","author":"Bonaros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.04.103","article-title":"Integrating coronary anastomotic connectors and robotics toward a totally endoscopic beating heart approach: Review of 120 cases","volume":"92","author":"Balkhy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2010.03.014","article-title":"Beating heart totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass","volume":"89","author":"Srivastava","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2012.05.028","article-title":"One hundred sixty-four consecutive beating heart totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass cases without intraoperative conversion","volume":"94","author":"Srivastava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I473","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.001537","article-title":"Integrated coronary revascularization: Percutaneous coronary intervention plus robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass","volume":"114","author":"Katz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-23-00373","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcomes of robotic-assisted surgical coronary artery revascularisation","volume":"20","author":"Dokollari","year":"2024","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2019.11.005","article-title":"Robotic Cardiac Surgery Part II: Anesthetic Considerations for Robotic Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting","volume":"34","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nastouli, K.M., Apostolos, A., Bozika, M., Boliaris, G., Iliakis, P., Ktenopoulos, N., Vlachakis, P.K., Karakasis, P., Theodoropoulou, T., and Tsiamis, N. (2026). Coronary Artery Disease in Women: Sex-Specific Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation and Management. Medicina, 62.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62071313"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/15569845211007835","article-title":"The 7 Pillars of Multivessel Minimally Invasive Coronary Surgery","volume":"16","author":"Qureshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazmin, I.T., and Ali, J.M. (2025). Hybrid Coronary Revascularisation: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030880"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/15569845251324200","article-title":"Outcomes of Robotic MIDCAB With Hybrid PCI for Multivessel Coronary Disease Involving the Left Main: Results of 62 Cases","volume":"20","author":"Naito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/15569845251334117","article-title":"Robotic Totally Endoscopic Reverse Hybrid Coronary Revascularization: Early and Midterm Outcomes","volume":"20","author":"AlJamal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2024-rcabg-0034","article-title":"Step-by-step technique of robotic-assisted minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass","volume":"13","author":"Wertan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/15569845241270527","article-title":"Robot-Assisted Multivessel Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Step by Step","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2012.05.041","article-title":"Hybrid coronary revascularization using robotic totally endoscopic surgery: Perioperative outcomes and 5-year results","volume":"94","author":"Bonatti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808783","article-title":"Bilateral versus Single Internal-Thoracic-Artery Grafts at 10 Years","volume":"380","author":"Taggart","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s44325-026-00132-7","article-title":"Drug-coated balloon angioplasty in coronary artery disease: State of the art review","volume":"3","author":"Theofilis","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Cardiovasc. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/imi.0000000000000393","article-title":"Robotic Versus Conventional Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Direct Comparison of Long-Term Clinical Outcome","volume":"12","author":"Kofler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-025-02905-1","article-title":"Comparative long-term effectiveness of robotic vs. non-robotic coronary artery bypass grafting: Insights from a propensity-matched TriNetX analysis","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Robot. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/15569845231154046","article-title":"A Nationwide Study of Clinical Outcomes After Robot-Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery and Hybrid Revascularization in the Netherlands","volume":"18","author":"Gianoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"203","article-title":"Hybrid coronary revascularization versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Sardar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) versus coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in multivessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD): A meta-analysis of 14 studies comprising 4226 patients","volume":"100","author":"Nagraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/IMI.0000000000000537","article-title":"Cost and Outcome of Minimally Invasive Techniques for Coronary Surgery Using Robotic Technology","volume":"13","author":"Pasrija","year":"2018","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.15945","article-title":"The learning curve of robotic coronary arterial bypass surgery: A report from the STS database","volume":"36","author":"Patrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E491","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.013318","article-title":"Robot-assisted coronary artery bypass surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies","volume":"63","author":"Hammal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atssr.2025.03.007","article-title":"Association of Robotic Assistance with Short-term Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting","volume":"3","author":"Verma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg. Short Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"408","article-title":"Systematic review of robotic-assisted, totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"2","author":"Seco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/1556984519836896","article-title":"Graft Patency after Robotically Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery","volume":"14","author":"Kitahara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivaa149","article-title":"Angiographic patency after robotic beating heart totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting facilitated by automated distal anastomotic connectors","volume":"31","author":"Balkhy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1007\/s12055-025-02123-2","article-title":"Robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass grafting: Comparative analysis of surgical outcomes and learning curve","volume":"42","author":"Shekar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Indian J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-022-01903-w","article-title":"Comparison of hybrid coronary revascularization versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.05.090","article-title":"Hybrid coronary revascularization versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting for the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease","volume":"92","author":"Halkos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuering, C.L., Zwaans, V.I.T., Huang, A., Kohler-Seuster, M., von Mackensen, J.K.R., Iske, J., Stein, J., Kaemmel, J., Heck, R., and Starck, C.T. (2025). Conventional hybrid coronary vs. robot-assisted minimally invasive direct revascularization: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1650138"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2026.02.006","article-title":"Hybrid Revascularization with Robotic Totally Endoscopic Coronary Bypass and Stents: What Are the Outcomes When the Stent Does Not Happen?","volume":"122","author":"Nisivaco","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.10.011","article-title":"Routine intraoperative completion angiography after coronary artery bypass grafting and 1-stop hybrid revascularization results from a fully integrated hybrid catheterization laboratory\/operating room","volume":"53","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-025-02370-w","article-title":"Patient complexity does not affect surgical learning curve and clinical outcomes during early experience in robotic assisted coronary surgery","volume":"19","author":"Rosati","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Robot. Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Dokollari, A., Sicouri, S., and Sutter, F.P. (June, January 31). Direct and total costs of robotic-assisted vs conventional full sternotomy coronary artery bypass grafting. Proceedings of the ISMICS Annual Meeting Abstract, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-025-02308-2","article-title":"Improved robotic-assisted cardiac surgery outcomes with greater hospital volume: A national representative cohort analysis of 10,543 cardiac surgery surgeries","volume":"19","author":"Zhuli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Robot. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2024.11.005","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes and Costs of Robotic-assisted vs Conventional Mitral Valve Repair: A National Analysis","volume":"119","author":"Hadaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2013.01.005","article-title":"Anesthetic management of robotically assisted totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery (TECAB)","volume":"27","author":"Deshpande","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, M., White, A.N.J., Rogers, L.J., and Davierwala, P.M. (2025). Anesthesia for Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12060232"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2003.09.005","article-title":"Robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass: Program development and learning curve issues","volume":"127","author":"Bonatti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atssr.2025.01.001","article-title":"Propensity-Matched Outcomes of Multivessel Robotic vs Conventional Coronary Artery Grafting","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg. Short Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-025-02535-7","article-title":"The robotic revolution in cardiac surgery","volume":"19","author":"Wah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Robot. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4725.20.05302-5","article-title":"Robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass grafting: Current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"68","author":"Amabile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Cardioangiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/17\/6677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:39:30Z","timestamp":1788169170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/17\/6677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15176677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15176677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}