{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:15:58Z","timestamp":1788243358885,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds by FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04045\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04045\/2025"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"FCT\u2014the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/6157\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/6157\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UID\/6157\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/6157\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient exercise strategy, but its effects in older adults remain incompletely established. Objective: Our objective is to synthesize evidence on the effects of HIIT and aerobic interval training (AIT) on cardiorespiratory, metabolic, functional, cognitive, psychological, and quality-of-life outcomes in older adults. Methods: This systematic review was reported in accordance with PRISMA 2020. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched through 13 May 2026 for randomized and non-randomized longitudinal intervention studies involving participants with a mean or median age \u2265 60 years. Titles\/abstracts and full texts were screened by one reviewer, with uncertain eligibility resolved through discussion with the supervisory team. Data were extracted by one reviewer and independently verified by a second reviewer. The review was retrospectively registered in INPLASY (INPLASY202660027). Results: Twenty-five eligible reports were included, representing approximately 2818 unique participants. The most consistent findings concerned cardiorespiratory fitness, with improvements in VO2peak and exercise tolerance reported across several populations. Selected functional and metabolic benefits were also observed, whereas cognitive, psychological, and quality-of-life findings were more limited and heterogeneous. HIIT produced comparable or greater improvements than moderate-intensity continuous training in some studies, but overall superiority was not established. Feasibility and adherence were generally favourable, although adverse-event reporting was inconsistent. Conclusions: HIIT\/AIT may improve cardiorespiratory fitness and selected functional outcomes in older adults. However, confidence in these findings is limited by heterogeneity in populations, protocols, and outcomes, together with the predominance of risk-of-bias concerns across the included evidence. The available findings do not establish overall superiority, comparative safety, or an optimal HIIT\/AIT prescription.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1788241513000},"page":"6701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized and Non-Randomized Intervention Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0584-0665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8105-7580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Domingos","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4467-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1077-7233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"Biosciences Higher School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"Life Quality Research Center (LQRC-CIEQV), 2001-964 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5634-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Malheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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