{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:15:50Z","timestamp":1788498950877,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2024ZD0522400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0522400"]}]},{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2024ZD0522404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0522404"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82370100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82370100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370100"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2026NSFSC0597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026NSFSC0597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025ZNSFSC1539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC1539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","award":["RHM25213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RHM25213"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) present with similar clinical and radiological features, frequently leading to misdiagnosis. This study aimed to compare NTM-PD with extrapulmonary NTM disease (ENTM) and PTB and to develop a predictive model for early differentiation. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 473 NTM patients (340 NTM-PD, 112 ENTM, 21 disseminated) and 218 PTB patients treated between January 2008 and December 2024. A diagnostic model was developed using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression algorithm and multivariate logistic regression, with internal validation via 1000 bootstrap resamples and a pre-split validation cohort. Performance was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis. Results: Compared to ENTM, NTM-PD patients were older and had lower BMI, with bronchiectasis (OR = 24.86) and prior PTB history (OR = 7.58) as the strongest risk factors. Relative to PTB, NTM-PD patients were more often female and older, with more bronchiectasis and mucus plugs on imaging, while PTB showed more pleural thickening and effusion. NTM isolates exhibited high resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs but maintained susceptibility to macrolides and amikacin. The nine-predictor nomogram achieved AUCs of 0.758 (training) and 0.731 (validation), with calibration and decision curve analysis confirming clinical utility. Conclusions: NTM-PD and PTB exhibit distinct clinical, radiological, and microbiological profiles. The nomogram offers a useful preliminary screening tool for early differentiation, though external validation in multicenter studies is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1788339361000},"page":"6796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differentiating Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease from Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Study on Clinical Features and a Diagnostic Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuanjie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1191-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8046-832X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"The Integrated Care Management Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yaoxi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chuanqi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-024-00897-5","article-title":"Therapeutic developments for tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease","volume":"23","author":"Dartois","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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