{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:14:20Z","timestamp":1788527660925,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006334","name":"Jan Kochanowski University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUPB.RN.25.031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUPB.RN.25.031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SUPB.RN.25.031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUPB.RN.25.031"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00krbh354","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: A single absolute vessel diameter is hard to compare between individuals of differing body size. We defined two venous proportional parameters, the renal\u2013caval ratio (R-IVCr) and factor (R-IVCf), as counterparts of the established renal\u2013aortic ratio (R-Ar) and factor (R-Af), and asked whether the arterial and the venous bed respond to multiplicity of vessels in the same direction. Methods: Biphasic contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen in 1196 patients (2392 kidneys) was analysed retrospectively. Ratios related the dominant vessel diameter to that of the parent trunk; factors related the summed cross-sectional area of a kidney\u2019s vessels to that of the corresponding trunk segment. Two angles, measured towards the left (\u03b1) and the right (\u03b2) from an anteroposterior reference axis, were recorded at both trunks. Results: Mean R-Ar was 0.2381 (\u00b10.0573) and mean R-IVCr was 0.4651 (\u00b10.0943). Dominant-vessel ratios were lower in the multiple variant and area-summing factors were higher, in parallel on both sides (p &lt; 0.001). All four were higher in men, with moderate effect sizes arterially and negligible ones venously. \u03b1 and \u03b2 inverted between the two trunks, which was the largest effect recorded, and multiple veins showed a 2.3-fold right-sided predominance. Conclusions: The four parameters describe arterial inflow and venous outflow within a single proportional system in which both beds respond to multiplicity in parallel; their value in donor-kidney assessment and anastomosis planning awaits prospective validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:20:46Z","timestamp":1788524446000},"page":"6852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Arterial\u2013Venous Balance in the Human Renal Vasculature: Renal\u2013Aortic and Renal\u2013Caval Ratios and Factors on Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Wr\u00f3bel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Kuder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Radowicz-Chil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6050-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Pirsztuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Maciejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Clinical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5443-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Lewitowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Adamczyk-Gruszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.13128\/ijae-10776","article-title":"Renal artery variations: A 20.782 kidneys review","volume":"124","author":"Recto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. 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