{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:10:00Z","timestamp":1788786600458,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dicle University Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0257dtg16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and distribution of taurodontism and pyramidal molar morphology in primary and permanent dentitions of children aged 6\u201316 years in Diyarbak\u0131r, T\u00fcrkiye. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 1167 digital panoramic radiographs was conducted. Taurodontism was diagnosed according to the Shifman and Chananel criteria, while pyramidal molar morphology was evaluated as an independent anomaly. Prevalence, distribution, and symmetry were analyzed using Pearson\u2019s chi-square test, Mann\u2013Whitney U test, and Kappa test. Results: The individual and tooth prevalence of taurodontism was 6.60% and 2.44%, respectively, with significantly higher frequencies in the permanent dentition, maxilla, and permanent second molars (p &lt; 0.001). Hypotaurodontism was the predominant subtype (81.5%). Pyramidal molar morphology was identified in 1.54% of individuals and 0.83% of teeth, with a significant female predominance (p = 0.022). Both anomalies exhibited high rates of bilateral involvement (85.7% for taurodontism and 72.2% for pyramidal molars). Pyramidal morphology was identified in 24 primary molars (0.58%). Among cases with available parental panoramic radiographs, the identification of the same morphology in at least one parent suggests potential familial aggregation, although further large-scale prospective genetic studies are required to confirm hereditary inheritance models. Conclusions: Taurodontism and pyramidal molar morphology are clinically significant developmental root variations in children. The quantitative documentation of pyramidal morphology in primary dentition addresses an important gap in the literature. Early radiographic recognition is essential for treatment planning and may serve as a helpful clinical indicator that prompts further genetic or systemic evaluation in suspected syndromic cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:12:25Z","timestamp":1788783145000},"page":"6876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and Distribution of Taurodontism and Pyramidal Molar Morphology in the Primary and Permanent Dentitions: A Retrospective Study in a Turkish Pediatric Population from Southeastern Anatolia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3488-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan Said","family":"\u015eener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, Diyarbak\u0131r 21280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emin Caner","family":"T\u00fcmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, Diyarbak\u0131r 21280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.05.019","article-title":"Epithelial histogenesis during tooth development","volume":"54","author":"Lesot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(71)90232-5","article-title":"Manifestations of genetic diseases in the human pulp","volume":"32","author":"Witkop","year":"1971","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"123","article-title":"The Meaning of Taurodontism. in Oral Surgery-Case Report","volume":"25","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol. Croat. Int. J. Oral Sci. Dent. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pach, J., Regulski, P.A., Tomczyk, J., Reymond, J., Osipowicz, K., and Stru\u017cycka, I. (2023). Prevalence of taurodontism in contemporary and historical populations from radom: A biometric analysis of radiological data. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185988"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"103","article-title":"Problems Relating to the Teeth of the Earlier Forms of Prehistoric Man","volume":"6","author":"Keith","year":"1913","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"21","article-title":"Prevalence of taurodontism in premolars and molars in the South of Iran","volume":"6","author":"Bronoosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u021aen\u021b, A., Iurcov, R., Moca, A.E., Moca, R.T., \u021aig, I.A., and Matei, R.I. (2025). Oral manifestations in adolescents with genetic syndromes: A retrospective cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14207217"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"246","article-title":"Association of Down syndrome (DS) with morphology and anomalies of teeth: A concise narrative review","volume":"3","author":"Batool","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Liaquat Natl. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cihangir, \u0130., and Kizilci, E. (2026). Dental anomalies and dental age in children with Down syndrome: A comparative retrospective study with healthy controls. BMC Oral Health, 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08600-3"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(64)90097-0","article-title":"Taurodontism: Report of a case","volume":"18","author":"Hamner","year":"1964","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2008.01388.x","article-title":"Taurodontism: A review of the condition and endodontic treatment challenges","volume":"41","author":"Jafarzadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(71)90308-2","article-title":"Taurodontism","volume":"32","author":"Mena","year":"1971","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00410","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal signalling regulating tooth morphogenesis","volume":"116","author":"Thesleff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(97)00115-9","article-title":"Signalling networks regulating dental development","volume":"67","author":"Thesleff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000102684","article-title":"The molecular control of and clinical variations in root formation","volume":"186","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"396","article-title":"Taurodontism, an isolated trait associated with syndromes and X-chromosomal aneuploidy","volume":"32","author":"Jaspers","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1978.tb02122.x","article-title":"Taurodontism and enamel hypomaturation associated with X-linked abnormalities","volume":"14","author":"Gage","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345880670021401","article-title":"Taurodontism in 47, XXY males: An effect of the extra X chromosome on root development","volume":"67","author":"Varrela","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330380305","article-title":"Taurodont, pyramidal and fused molar roots associated with other anomalies in a kindred","volume":"38","author":"Ackerman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"46","article-title":"Pyramidal and taurodont molars and their association with other tooth anomalies","volume":"39","author":"Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"476","article-title":"Taurodont teeth in South African races","volume":"62","author":"Shaw","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"837270","article-title":"The prevalence of dental anomalies in the Western region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"2012","author":"Afify","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"31","article-title":"Taurodontism and the pyramidal tooth at the level of the molar. Prevalence in the Senegalese population 15 to 19 years of age","volume":"23","author":"Sarr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Odonto-Stomatol. Trop. = Trop. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.10.010","article-title":"Prevalence of taurodont and pyramidal molars in a German population","volume":"37","author":"Breuer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"23","article-title":"Prevalence of taurodont primary teeth in Turkish children","volume":"14","author":"Simsek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Health Dent. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"e335-40","article-title":"Prevalence of taurodontism in primary mandibular first molars of ethnic Indian children","volume":"60","author":"Nagaveni","year":"2012","journal-title":"General. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"355","article-title":"Primary mandibular first molar with single root and single canal: A case report of a rare morphology","volume":"11","author":"Bahrololoomi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"9","article-title":"Pyramidal bilateral deciduous first molar: A case report of a rare morphology","volume":"9","author":"Razdan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Guident"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5368\/aedj.2010.2.2.36-39.pdf","article-title":"Pyramidal molar roots in primary and permanent dentition along with non syndromic oligodontia in a 11year old boy","volume":"2","author":"Srikanth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Essences Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"61","article-title":"Taurodontism; clinical considerations","volume":"15","author":"Azzaldeen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200305000-00009","article-title":"Taurodontism: An endodontic challenge. Report of a case","volume":"29","author":"Tsesis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1978.tb01150.x","article-title":"Prevalence of taurodontism found in radiographic dental examination of 1,200 young adult Israeli patients","volume":"6","author":"Shifman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5933\/JKAPD.2020.47.4.389","article-title":"Analysis of prevalence of pyramidal molars in adolescent","volume":"47","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.02.023","article-title":"Investigating prevalence of dental anomalies in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia through digital orthopantomogram","volume":"28","author":"Alhumaid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"36","article-title":"Prevalence of taurodontism at the level of the molar in the black Senegalese population 15 to 19 years of age","volume":"23","author":"Toure","year":"2000","journal-title":"Odonto-Stomatol. Trop. = Trop. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"The deciduous dentition. A descriptive and comparative anatomical study","volume":"14","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1956","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.15311\/selcukdentj.319237","article-title":"G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde dental anomalilerin g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131","volume":"5","author":"Koparal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Selcuk Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.3.e284","article-title":"The frequency of taurodontism in the Turkish population","volume":"3","author":"Topcuoglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.14235\/bas.galenos.2025.17048","article-title":"Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in a Sample of Turkish Children: A Retrospective Study","volume":"13","author":"Eymirli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bezmialem Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/sj\/dmfr\/4600342","article-title":"Prevalence of taurodontism in Jordanian dental patients","volume":"27","author":"Darwazeh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.28.3.181","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic dental findings in X linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia","volume":"28","author":"Crawford","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00050.x","article-title":"Taurodontism in twins with cleft lip and\/or palate","volume":"104","author":"Laatikainen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Min, Z., Wang, T., Hou, B., Su, Z., and Zhang, C. (2025). Prevalence and root canal morphology of taurodontism analyzed by cone-beam computed tomography in Northern China. BMC Oral Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05294-3"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"163","article-title":"\u00c7ocuklarda Daimi Birinci Molar Di\u015flerde Taurodontizm G\u00f6r\u00fclme S\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131: Retrospektif Ara\u015ft\u0131rma","volume":"22","author":"Elbay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. Klin. J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"214","article-title":"The frequency of taurodontism in an east anatolian orthodontic patient population","volume":"16","author":"Kamak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. Klin. J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(76)90153-5","article-title":"Taurodontism: Report of sixteen cases in Israel","volume":"41","author":"Shifman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"8","article-title":"Evaluation of taurodont and pyramidal mandibular molars prevalence in a group of Turkish Cypriot population by cone beam computed tomography","volume":"10","author":"Aksoy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cyprus J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"282","article-title":"Prevalence of taurodont molars in a selected Iranian adult population","volume":"12","author":"Jamshidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2017.1296185","article-title":"An assessment of the association of taurodontism with various dental anomalies, syndromes, systemic diseases and\/or genetic diseases, and its role in identification","volume":"50","author":"Kirzioglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"155","article-title":"Prevalence of taurodontism and its association with various oral conditions in an Indian population","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"378","article-title":"Clinical aspects of dental anomalies","volume":"26","author":"Witkop","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozgur, O.M., Mustulo\u011flu, \u015e., Korkmaz, A., and Ko\u00e7ak Topba\u015f, N. (2025). Taurodontism and related dental anomalies: Influence of maternal, prenatal, and postnatal factors in pediatric patients. BMC Oral Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06530-0"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"72","article-title":"Single-rooted pyramidal molars: A rare case report","volume":"1","author":"Ramar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pedod. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(96)80306-4","article-title":"Pyramidal molar roots and canine-like dental morphologic features in multiple family members: A case report","volume":"82","author":"Nguyen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1034638","article-title":"Monoradicular primary maxillary left second molar: A rare root morphology and review of the literature","volume":"2026","author":"Almulhim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dent."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.15311\/selcukdentj.687354","article-title":"T\u00fcrk Pop\u00fclasyonundan Bir \u00d6rneklemde Molar Di\u015flerde G\u00f6r\u00fclen Taurodontizm Prevalans\u0131n\u0131n Radyografik Olarak \u0130ncelenmesi","volume":"8","author":"Kurnaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Selcuk Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"389","article-title":"Taurodontism and learning disabilities in patients with Klinefelter syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Schulman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.36.1.p74362q544210p33","article-title":"Tooth agenesis: Newer concept","volume":"36","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(64)90376-7","article-title":"Multiple morphologic dental anomalies: Report of a case","volume":"17","author":"Robbins","year":"1964","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"68","article-title":"Single rooted maxillary first molar: A rare case","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"People\u2019s J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.29900","article-title":"Endodontic management of taurodontic teeth","volume":"16","author":"Prakash","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4103\/JODD.JODD_7_20","article-title":"Implication of taurodontism in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning: A review and case report","volume":"15","author":"Datana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Def. Sect."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2019.2.130","article-title":"Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome and taurodontism","volume":"91","author":"Giambersio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2019.46.3.266","article-title":"Taurodontism part 2: Biomechanics, differential diagnosis, clinical implications and management","volume":"46","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Update"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/17\/6876\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:36:45Z","timestamp":1788784605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/17\/6876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15176876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15176876","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]}}}