{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:31:54Z","timestamp":1791498714024,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The infraclavicular region contains a complex arrangement of the brachial plexus cords and axillary vessels. Accurate ultrasonographic characterization of these relationships is important for anatomical image interpretation and has direct relevance to ultrasound-guided infraclavicular procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the bilateral topographic distribution and morphometric relationships of the lateral, medial, and posterior cords relative to the axillary artery and axillary vein. Methods: This prospective, multicenter, observational anatomical\u2013ultrasonographic study included 50 adults (25 women and 25 men), each examined bilaterally, yielding 100 potential side-specific examinations. The lateral cord (LC), medial cord (MC), posterior cord (PC), and axillary vein (AV) were mapped using a 12-sector radial model centered on the axillary artery (AA). Center-to-center intercord, cord-to-AA, and cord-to-AV distances were measured. Topographic confidence intervals were estimated using participant-level cluster bootstrap resampling, and bilateral morphometric data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Results: The LC was located in sectors 10\u201311 in 85\/94 examinations (90.4%; 95% CI, 84.4\u201395.7%), the MC in sectors 2\u20134 in 84\/89 (94.4%; 95% CI, 89.2\u201398.9%), the PC in sectors 6\u20137 in 78\/83 (94.0%; 95% CI, 88.6\u201398.8%), and the AV in sectors 4\u20135 in 95\/100 (95.0%; 95% CI, 90.0\u201399.0%). Mean intercord distances were 11.20 \u00b1 1.18 mm for LC\/MC, 7.30 \u00b1 1.61 mm for LC\/PC, and 5.70 \u00b1 1.10 mm for MC\/PC. Mean cord-to-AA distances were 7.60 \u00b1 0.74, 4.60 \u00b1 0.93, and 6.60 \u00b1 0.91 mm for the LC, MC, and PC, respectively. Mean cord-to-AV distances were 15.50 \u00b1 2.01, 6.60 \u00b1 1.22, and 8.50 \u00b1 1.10 mm, respectively. Mixed-effects models demonstrated significant differences among measurements within each distance family (all p &lt; 0.001), without significant overall side or sex effects. Conclusions: The brachial plexus cords and AV demonstrated a consistent topographic organization around the AA during bilateral mid-infraclavicular ultrasonographic assessment. The MC showed the shortest center-to-center distance to both the AA and AV, and the three cords formed a non-equidistant spatial configuration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15176892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:12:25Z","timestamp":1788783145000},"page":"6892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bilateral Ultrasonographic Mapping and Morphometry of the Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus: A Prospective Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Petar-Preslav","family":"Petrov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, 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Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9715-4676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasen","family":"Getsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Acibadem City Clinic University Hospital Vitosha, 1415 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6393-2995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Chatzigiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment \u201cSt. George\u201d, 4000 Plovdiv, 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Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment \u201cSt. George\u201d, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2191-1893","article-title":"High-resolution ultrasound of the supra- and infraclavicular levels of the brachial plexus including the axillary nerve: Imaging anatomy based on multiplanar reconstructions and technical guide","volume":"45","author":"Bruckmoser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultraschall 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