{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:06:19Z","timestamp":1789103179171,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Continuous injection-pressure monitoring may provide quantitative insight into fascial plane hydrodissection, but comparative data remain limited. This study compared baseline-corrected mean pressure and linear pressure trends during PECS I block (interpectoral plane block) versus superficial parasternal intercostal plane (SPIP) block and rectus sheath block (RSB) versus transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB). Methods: Each ultrasound-guided technique was performed once in 10 fresh, unfrozen human cadavers. Saline was infused at 10 mL\/min, and pressure was recorded continuously. A deterministic signal-processing algorithm estimated the onset of the post-puncture pressure plateau; the subsequent 40 s segment was analysed after subtraction of the pre-insertion baseline. Paired t-tests were used, with exact sign-flip permutation tests as sensitivity analyses and with Holm adjustment for multiplicity. Results: Mean pressure was 4.99 psi for PECS I and 5.09 psi for SPIP, with no significant difference between techniques (mean paired difference, 0.09 psi; 95% confidence interval [CI], \u22120.67 to 0.85; p = 0.790). TAPB showed a higher mean pressure than RSB (5.50 versus 4.47 psi, respectively; mean paired difference, 1.03 psi; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.69; p = 0.0134; paired effect size, d = 1.11). Permutation analyses were concordant. Linear pressure trends did not differ for SPIP versus PECS I (p = 0.484) or TAPB versus RSB (p = 0.742). Conclusions: Continuous pressure monitoring was used to characterize the hydrodissection pressure of four fascial plane block techniques. PECS I and SPIP yielded closely aligned mean values, whereas TAPB was associated with higher pressure than RSB. These findings provide quantitative reference data and support further clinical evaluation of continuous injection-pressure monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15186979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:24:02Z","timestamp":1788945842000},"page":"6979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continuous Needle Tip Injection Pressure During Hydrodissection in Four Fascial Plane Blocks: A Fresh Human Cadaver Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2561-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Wilk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2254-1030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"J\u0119drasiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Computer Science, WSB University, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4787-607X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Suwalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science and Engineering, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Bajor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0827-5335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Jurkoj\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6701-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Wodarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2021-102506","article-title":"Anatomical basis of fascial plane blocks","volume":"46","author":"Chin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg. 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