{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:11:51Z","timestamp":1789035111746,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Organising pneumonia secondary to COVID-19 (OP-COVID-19) is a recognised inflammatory complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We assessed the 2-year clinical, radiological, and functional evolution of patients hospitalised with OP-COVID-19 and identified factors independently associated with long-term fibrotic-like lesions. Methods: This ambispective longitudinal study included adults consecutively hospitalised with OP-COVID-19 from March 2020 to February 2021. Diagnosis was based on clinical assessment and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Patients underwent standardised follow-up at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after hospital discharge, including clinical assessment, chest HRCT, pulmonary function tests, and the six-minute walk test. Longitudinal radiological changes were assessed using paired comparisons, and exploratory multivariable logistic regression identified factors independently associated with long-term fibrotic-like lesions. Results: OP-COVID-19 was diagnosed in 271 patients (4.9%), and 228 were included in the follow-up cohort. Inflammatory HRCT abnormalities resolved progressively, with paired comparisons showing a significant reduction in consolidations, peribronchovascular opacities, crazy-paving pattern, reversed halo sign, and perilobular opacities at 3\u20136 months compared with the initial HRCT (p &lt; 0.05 for all). Among the 221 patients with an ascertainable final radiological outcome, persistent pulmonary abnormalities were observed in 14.9%, including fibrotic-like lesions in 10.4%. No statistically detectable late radiological progression was observed among patients undergoing extended imaging follow-up. The need for respiratory support during the acute phase (odds ratio [OR] 5.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.81\u201318.52), bronchial dilatation (OR 3.50, 95% CI 1.10\u201311.11), and architectural distortion and\/or volume loss on initial HRCT (OR 4.72, 95% CI 1.80\u201312.35) were independently associated with long-term fibrotic-like abnormalities. Pulmonary function was largely preserved, with mildly reduced diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in the assessed subsets. Conclusions: OP-COVID-19 has a favourable long-term prognosis, with progressive resolution of inflammatory abnormalities in most patients. Fibrotic-like lesions occur in a minority of patients and are associated with greater initial disease severity and early structural abnormalities on HRCT. These findings support risk-stratified follow-up for patients with OP-COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15186999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:13:03Z","timestamp":1789031583000},"page":"6999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Organising Pneumonia Secondary to COVID-19: A 2-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5028-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oswaldo Antonio","family":"Caguana-V\u00e9lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Badenes-Bonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Statistics Unit, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Zuccarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didac","family":"Ramal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Carbullanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Villar-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8566-4011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego A.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Chiarad\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Balcells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, September 30). 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