{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T09:09:02Z","timestamp":1789117742384,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":442,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Boerhaave\u2019s syndrome (BS) is a rare, life-threatening condition associated with high mortality. This systematic review aimed to summarize the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of adult patients with BS. Methods: PubMed and Scopus were searched through 12 June 2026 for case reports and case series reporting individual patient-level data. Demographic, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and outcome data were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist, and factors associated with in-hospital mortality were explored using logistic regression. Results: A total of 427 studies comprising 694 patients were included. Mean age was 57.1 years and 523 patients (80.6%) were male. Vomiting (79.5%) and chest pain (60.7%) were the most common symptoms, while 263 patients (67.6%) met SIRS criteria at diagnosis. The distal esophagus was involved in 83.5% of cases, and computed tomography was the predominant diagnostic modality (55.5%). Surgery was the most common first-line treatment (62.8%). In-hospital and 30-day mortality were 18.2% and 15.4%, respectively. In exploratory analyses, increasing age and SIRS were associated with in-hospital mortality. Risk of bias assessment identified methodological concerns across studies predominantly due to selective and incomplete outcome reporting. Certainty of evidence for in-hospital mortality was very low according to GRADE. Conclusions: BS remains associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Surgery remains the most frequently applied treatment, while conservative and endoscopic strategies are used in selected patients. Case-based evidence precludes reliable comparative assessment of treatment effectiveness. The association between SIRS and mortality remains hypothesis-generating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15187032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:17:42Z","timestamp":1789114662000},"page":"7032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Approach and Therapeutic Management of Spontaneous Esophageal Perforation (Boerhaave\u2019s Syndrome): A Systematic Review and Individual Patient-Level Pooled Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Evgenia","family":"Mela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9157-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximos","family":"Frountzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Marsden Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7174-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nefeli","family":"Tomara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3842-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Damaskos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General and Upper GI Surgical Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3251-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nektaria","family":"Karangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0272-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Mylonakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5836-7070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markos","family":"Despotidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7213-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristeidis","family":"Sourgiadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8167-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikoletta","family":"Dimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Tribonias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Red Cross Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7046-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Schizas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1250347","article-title":"Oesophageal perforations in Iceland: A whole population study on incidence, aetiology and surgical outcome","volume":"58","author":"Vidarsdottir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorac. 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