{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:02:32Z","timestamp":1789534952643,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: To systematically evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy and safety of non-cryotherapy modalities versus standard liquid nitrogen cryotherapy for the treatment of plantar warts, while exploring the influence of specific cryotherapy procedural parameters and intervention-related subgroup characteristics on treatment outcomes. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched four major databases from inception until 1 July 2026. The primary outcome was complete clearance. Secondary outcomes included partial clearance, recurrence, and treatment-related adverse events. Pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects models. Results: Thirty-one RCTs involving 2313 patients were included. No statistically significant difference was detected between non-cryotherapy modalities and cryotherapy in complete clearance rates (RR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.98\u20131.20; p = 0.10; I2 = 0.00%) or recurrence outcomes (RR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.56\u20131.44; p = 0.66). Partial clearance significantly favored cryotherapy (RR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44\u20130.95; p = 0.03), particularly in subgroup analyses using two freeze\u2013thaw cycles and treatment intervals of every two weeks. Regarding safety, topical therapies demonstrated significantly lower erythema rates than cryotherapy, while no statistically significant differences were observed in blistering, scarring, or secondary bacterial infection. Conclusions: No statistically significant difference was detected between non-cryotherapy modalities and cryotherapy regarding complete clearance or recurrence of plantar warts. Cryotherapy may offer better partial clearance under optimized treatment parameters, whereas topical therapies may be better tolerated in selected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15187071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:39:24Z","timestamp":1789137564000},"page":"7071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Non-Cryotherapy Treatments Versus Cryotherapy for Plantar Warts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0557-0187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliyah Abdulmohsen","family":"Alabdulqader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suliman","family":"Alkhudairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0290-2801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulelah Saeed Mohammed","family":"Alwahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0039-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renad Ibrahim","family":"Alsulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7346-1196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan A.","family":"Alzubaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem T.","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian Mazen Abu","family":"Dabat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9471-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawaf Abdullah","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha Jassim","family":"Alhamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4470-0012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Bakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham","family":"Alshaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24713","article-title":"Human papillomaviruses genotyping in plantar warts","volume":"89","author":"Zalacain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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