{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:05:45Z","timestamp":1789553145361,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The role of salvage autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma (R\/R MM) is being reconsidered in the era of novel immunotherapies. We evaluated the long-term efficacy and safety of salvage ASCT in a real-world single-center cohort. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 57 patients with R\/R MM who underwent salvage ASCT between March 2012 and August 2025. Clinical characteristics, treatment responses, toxicities, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and prognostic factors were assessed. Results: The mean age at salvage ASCT was 60.2 \u00b1 8.2 years. Before salvage ASCT, 50.9% of patients achieved complete response or very good partial response, increasing to 80.7% by day +100. Transplant-related mortality was 3.5%, while infection or febrile neutropenia occurred in 77.2%. Median PFS and OS after salvage ASCT were 34.0 months (95% CI, 28.8\u201339.2) and 67.2 months (95% CI, 46.2\u201388.2), respectively. Median OS from diagnosis was 130.5 months. In multivariate analysis, higher LDH and pre-transplant refractory status were independently associated with PFS, whereas age at salvage ASCT and beta-2 microglobulin level were independently associated with OS. Conclusions: Salvage ASCT was associated with durable disease control and acceptable transplantation-related outcomes in this carefully selected cohort. Its comparative role relative to contemporary immunotherapies requires prospective evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15187184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T09:06:37Z","timestamp":1789549597000},"page":"7184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Salvage Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Outcomes from a Single-Center Real-World Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4467-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulten","family":"Korkmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Funda","family":"Ceran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0901-2043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simten","family":"Dagdas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2538-0193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sertan","family":"Akgun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6391-1739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerim","family":"K\u0131z\u0131lkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6471-3794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3836-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahir","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7991-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muruvvet Seda","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1424-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emel","family":"Isleyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Merve Ecem","family":"Erdogan Yon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2658-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulsum","family":"Ozet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2023 Cancer Collaborators (2025). 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