{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:03:56Z","timestamp":1789578236257,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) has been associated with adverse outcomes after acute ischemic stroke (AIS), but whether the association differs by stroke etiology remains uncertain. We evaluated elevated CRP in relation to 3-month functional outcome across Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) subtypes. Methods: This retrospective study included 2975 consecutive patients with AIS from a stroke registry. Elevated CRP was defined as \u22653 mg\/L, and the primary outcome was an unfavorable 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 2\u20136. Multivariable logistic regression was performed overall and within TOAST subtypes. Sensitivity analyses used raw NIHSS, continuous CRP, alternative CRP thresholds, an alternative mRS cutoff, and formal CRP\u00d7TOAST interaction testing. Results: Overall, 1464 patients (49.2%) had an unfavorable outcome. In the prespecified model, elevated CRP was associated with an unfavorable outcome overall (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.301; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.003\u20131.687; p = 0.047) and in the small-vessel occlusion (SVO) subgroup (aOR, 2.620; 95% CI, 1.094\u20136.275; p = 0.031). However, the all-category CRP\u00d7TOAST interaction was not significant (Pinteraction = 0.154). With nonlinear adjustment for raw NIHSS, the SVO association was attenuated (aOR, 2.243; 95% CI, 0.899\u20135.598; p = 0.083), and the interaction remained nonsignificant (Pinteraction = 0.317). Conclusions: Higher CRP was associated with unfavorable functional outcome, but the findings did not establish a TOAST subtype-specific association.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15187192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:07:29Z","timestamp":1789574849000},"page":"7192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of C-Reactive Protein with Functional Outcome After Acute Ischemic Stroke Across TOAST Subtypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yoonji","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jeong Ung","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Hun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4892-3475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moon-Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.036946","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, Stroke, Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction, and Imaging Modalities","volume":"53","author":"Dijkhuizen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319994","article-title":"Immune Pathways in Etiology, Acute Phase, and Chronic Sequelae of Ischemic Stroke","volume":"130","author":"Endres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. 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