{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:03:32Z","timestamp":1790165012725,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the associations between fundamental metabolic markers, specifically fasting glucose and total cholesterol, and cognitive performance in a primary care population, continuing previous analyses focused on subclinical vascular parameters. Methods: The study included 137 primary care patients who completed neuropsychological assessments (Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)) and a clinical interview. Fasting glucose and total cholesterol levels were extracted from their medical records. Results: Based on the MMSE, 26 participants (19.0%) had mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 8 (5.8%) had neurocognitive disorders. Univariate regression analysis revealed that fasting glucose was significantly and inversely associated with the total ACE-III score (B = 0.277; 95% CI: \u22120.441 to \u22120.113; p = 0.001) and the M-ACE subscale score (B = 0.175; 95% CI: \u22120.342 to \u22120.008; p = 0.046). Conversely, total cholesterol showed a positive association with both the overall ACE-III score (B = 0.173; 95% CI: 0.006 to 0.340; p = 0.046) and the M-ACE score (B = 0.219; 95% CI: 0.053 to 0.385; p = 0.011). A potential clinical paradox was observed, as among patients with established cardiovascular disease, lower total cholesterol (177.39 vs. 201.58 mg\/dL, p = 0.047) co-occurred with poorer cognitive outcomes (mean ACE-III: 81.47 vs. 87.62, p = 0.003), possibly reflecting a confounding effect of statin therapy. Standard MMSE scores did not correlate significantly with any evaluated metabolic parameters. Conclusions: Fasting glucose and total cholesterol are cross-sectionally associated with cognitive performance in this primary care cohort, whereas standard MMSE scores did not exhibit significant metabolic correlations. Given the exploratory, cross-sectional design, these findings are strictly hypothesis-generating and do not establish clinical screening utility or causality. The disparate patterns of association between the ACE-III and MMSE suggest that these screening tools may capture metabolism-related cognitive variations differently, highlighting the need for prospective longitudinal research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15197391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:09:08Z","timestamp":1790161748000},"page":"7391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Association of Fasting Glucose and Total Cholesterol with Cognitive Performance in a Primary Care Population: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Gosty\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Finance and Banking, Merito University of Pozna\u0144, 5 Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich Street, 61-895 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Posadzy-Ma\u0142aczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Kruszy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Romanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3695-3245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Puszcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexology and Clinical Psychology Student Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9804-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Piesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexology and Clinical Psychology Student Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Konopelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Ostrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Wu, Y., Chen, F., Han, L., Zhang, Y., and Chang, E. 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