{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:59:21Z","timestamp":1790312361999,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Soft-tissue defects of the distal lower extremity involving the malleolar regions, the Achilles tendon area, and the heel remain challenging to reconstruct because of limited local tissue availability and variable perforator-based vascularity. Distally based adipofascial flaps, which omit the cutaneous paddle used in conventional fasciocutaneous flap designs, may provide a useful option for coverage of selected defects in this region while avoiding the need for microsurgical free-tissue transfer. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 24 patients who underwent reconstruction of distal lower-extremity defects with distally based adipofascial flaps. Demographic, clinical, operative, and postoperative outcome data were collected, including flap survival, wound healing, and postoperative complications. Flap survival was assessed with separate consideration of total flap loss and partial distal flap-edge necrosis. Results: Defects involved the heel (37.5%), lateral malleolus (20.8%), medial malleolus (20.8%), and Achilles tendon region (20.8%). Six patients (25.0%) had diabetes mellitus, and four (16.7%) had an underlying vascular disorder. No total flap loss occurred. Limited distal flap-edge necrosis occurred in five patients (20.8%), while wound dehiscence occurred in three (12.5%) and local infection in two (8.3%). The observed complications were managed with conservative treatment or minor secondary procedures, including debridement and skin grafting when required. Conclusions: In this retrospective case series, distally based adipofascial flaps provided soft-tissue coverage for selected small-to-medium defects of the distal lower extremity, with no total flap loss despite a 20.8% rate of limited distal flap-edge necrosis. These findings suggest that this technique may be a useful reconstructive option in appropriately selected patients, although its comparative effectiveness and safety relative to other reconstructive methods require further evaluation in comparative studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15197402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:03:26Z","timestamp":1790172206000},"page":"7402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distally Based Adipofascial Flaps for Reconstruction of Distal Lower-Extremity Defects: Clinical Outcomes and Reconstructive Considerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4604-8934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugur","family":"Horoz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private, Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, 34365 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-367X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00fclda Rifat","family":"Ozakpinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Lokman Hekim University, 06510 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Inozu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private, Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, 06510 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ergin","family":"Seven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private, Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, 06510 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avni Tolga","family":"Eryilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private, Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, 06510 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Teoman","family":"Tellioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private, Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, 06510 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2022.03.003","article-title":"Lower Extremity Soft Tissue Reconstruction Review Article","volume":"53","author":"Mansour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop. 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